找找寻寻做完型
2013-10-23周自荣
周自荣
做完型填空题是有诀窍的,正如人们常说的:上下求索,左顾右盼。通俗点说,就是在做题过程中,找寻正确选项的蛛丝马迹来帮助自己理解文章,确定答案。怎样找寻?寻找什么?下面听我一一道来。
一、找自己
在完型填空的上下文中有些词汇会重复出现,有时,这些词就是正确选项。此处的找“自己”,就是寻找这些也可以称之为“重现词”的词汇,此类词常常在文章的开头与结尾与主题有关的句子中,或是紧接着前一句陈述过的事实之中。如2012湖北卷31,46空。
例1 One day, a sociologist proposed that the 31 society has been consuming modern humans little by little. For fear that I would become a victim of the consumer society, I 32 hurried to a bicycle shop in my neighborhood.
31. A. adult B. human
C. consumer D. bachelor
根据下文中的“自己”即复现词“consumer society”,结合句义“我担心成为消费社会(consumer society)的受害者,立即赶往附近的自行车商店”对应前文的“消费社会在逐渐地影响人类”。所以31空选C。
例2 “What about a horn?” he then asked. “Look, this horn is no larger than a matchbox and has many 46 .” Attracted by these functions, I bought the horn.
46. A. shapes B. sizes
C. functions D. models
根据下文“自己”即复现词 functions,结合句义“受到这些功能(functions)的影响”46空应该介绍的是这个喇叭有许多功能(functions).
二、辨朋友
根据历年高考完型填空题所考查的各种词类的比例来看,词汇多集中于实词。此类词常常有同义词、近义词、反义词、近形词,有些词之间还存在着总称与附属的关系。我们可以把这些同义、近义、反义、近形词称作“朋友”词。做题时,可以根据一些表并列、转折、递进、让步、选择、因果关系的信号词来辨别所填词汇之间的“朋友”关系,从而做出正确选择。如happy and delighted和unhappy and depressed 就是近义朋友;looking for the leading role 和下文的 could handle the part就是因果朋友;small but neat、expensive but tasty就是反义朋友。
例3 Not only did it hurt and make me angry,but the 31 and shame were almost unbearable.
A. excitement B. embarrassment
C. isappointment D. appointment
根据not only...but...信号词可以判断前后句之间是递进、同义的关系,此处的“shame”与正确选项embarrassment就是近义朋友。
例4 Life has become hopelessly 35 . A bicycle is simple, and it brings to you 36 things: fresh air, sunshine and exercise.”
35. A. boring B. complicated
C. stressful D. tough
36. A. natural B. mysterious
C. complex D. unique
35空B项complicated与下文的simple是一对反义朋友,36空A项natural与下文的fresh air, sunshine and exercise是总称与附属的朋友关系。
三、理关系
在一篇完形填空中,有时就一句所言,很难确定正确的答案。若继续读下去,就能发现与问题有关的信息词或信息句子或信息段出现。这些词、句、段往往直接或间接地提示出正确的答案。这就要求同学们会理关系,特别是与问题有关的句子之间的关系。在通读短文时,脑海中要有一个行文的主体脉络,同时借助于文章的行文连接词,理清句子之间的关系,使上下文形成合理的衔接,不仅可以帮助自己更快的理解文章大意,同时也可以帮助我们确定正确选项。
例5 Then he heard the smoke alarm beeping. Sibson rushed down the stairs barefoot to 23 ; he opened the door to the basement(地下室), and flames 24 out. Sibson ran back upstairs to call 911 from his bedroom. “I felt 25 because the room had a separate outdoor stairway,” he explains.
23. A. hide B. wait
C. check D. escape
24. A. moved B. gave
C. went D. exploded
25. A. safe B. worried
C. glad D. tired
这一段的第一个空格,如单从单句着手,显然不行。上一段的最后一句“Then he heard the smoke alarm beeping”是信息句,它与23空所在的句子之间之因果关系,它告诉我们“他听到报警器响”,当然第一反应就是去检查,正确答案选C。
空24所在的句子与下文“Sibson ran back upstairs to call 911 from his bedroom.”以及下一段中的“A wall of flames”之间是递进、因果关系。他跑回楼上去打电话报警,说明此处火焰应该是迅速扩大。应选D项 explode 爆发,迅速扩大。
空25所在的句子与下一句构成因果关系,因为有户外楼梯,所以感到安全了。答案选A。
四、寻组织
“组织”一词在这儿有两种含义,一是指词组搭配,二指语法结构。词的固定搭配,特别是动词的搭配是完形填空测试的重点。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词紧密相连,测试的范围较广。这就要求同学们多读、多记,对所学短语动词能牢固掌握,这样才能灵活运用选项前后的词,联想相应的习惯搭配、词组及句式,快速找到自己的组织。
例6 The couple were soon 47 all their time and money, so Kurt visited food and clothing companies to 48 donations.
47. A. costing B. wasting
C. taking D. Spending
48. A. pay for B. ask for
C. look into D. carry out
47空所在的句义是“这对夫妇花费了所有的时间和金钱“。Cost的使用结构是sth cost sb some money主语是物;spend的句型是:sb spend time and money;take的用法是it takes sb some time to do sth waste 的意思是“浪费”,不合语义。所以正确答案为D项48空四个选项都是与for有关的动词短语,但只有ask for与句意相符,他们去拜访一些食品和服装公司“要求”捐赠。
例7 She says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a 55 in the world.
55. A. profit B. difference
C. decision D. Rule
Make a difference 为固定短语,意为“有影响,起作用”,符合此句句意。
二指语法结构。完形填空题对语法结构的考查是建立在对句子理解的基础上的,主要集中在结构词、情态动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、状语从句等语法项目上。同学们在做题时,可根据对句义的理解及句法的分析,寻求考点所属的语法组织体系,从而得出正确判断。
例8 23 he had not seen it in more than 20 years, he recognized it 24 .
23. A. After B. When
C. Since D. Although
24. A. clearly B. fully
C. immediately D. Suddenly
首先要理解23空所在的句意:“虽然他有20年没见过这把伞,但他还是立即认出它了。”再寻求23空所在的句子在句中是充当让步状语从句。所以23选D项Although,24选C项immediately。
总之,同学们在做完形填空时,要始终抓住文章本身,联系“双语境”来判断,既大语境——全文中心和基调,小语境——空格前后句子所构成的语境,再结合找找寻寻的解题技巧,高分离你就不远了。