青春永驻的奥古斯都
2013-08-19NeilMacGregor
Neil MacGregor
又一个炎热的八月到了,学了多年英语的你知道August这个词的来历吗?它与西方历史上一个赫赫有名的政治家有关。他是罗马帝国的开国君主、恺撒大帝的甥孙和养子。他凭极大胆的手腕夺取了政权,用极审慎的智慧统治罗马帝国。罗马帝国给了他近乎绝对的权力,他给了罗马四十年的国内和平与持续的繁荣,史称“罗马和平时期”。他是古罗马史上至关重要的角色,他开创了罗马帝国的辉煌,还不忘精心策划自己的公众形象。他就是大名鼎鼎的奥古斯都。
m looking into the eyes of one of the most famous leaders in the history of the world—Caesar Augustus, the first Roman Emperor. We have his bronze head here in the Roman galleries in the British Museum and, 1)tarnished as it is, it radiates 2)charisma and raw power. Its impossible to walk past. The eyes are dramatic and piercing. And wherever you stand, they wont look at you—he is looking past you, beyond you, to something much more important: his future.
这一刻,我正注视着人类历史上最有名的领导人之一 —— 古罗马帝国的开国君主恺撒·奥古斯都的眼睛。奥古斯都的青铜头像如今摆放在英国大英博物馆的罗马展厅里。尽管它已经失去了原有的光泽,但却依旧散发着不一般的魅力和不怒自威的威严。你根本无法从他的面前匆匆而过。他的双眼生动有神,且颇具穿透力,但是,不管你站在哪里,这双眼睛都不会直视你,而是越过你,看着你身后一个更重要的地方——他的未来。
The curling hair is short and boyish, slightly 3)tousled, but its a calculated tousle—one that clearly took a long time to arrange, because this is an image that has been carefully constructed, projecting just the right mix of youth and authority, beauty and strength, will and power.
His head is a bit over life-size, and it tilts as if hes in conversation, so that for a minute you could believe that hes just like you and me—but hes not. This is the Emperor Augustus. He has recently defeated *Anthony and *Cleopatra, he has conquered Egypt, he is well on his way now to imperial glory, and is firmly embarked on an even greater journey—to become a god. His bronze, over life-sized head gives a brutally clear message: I am great; I am your leader and I stand far above everyday politics.
And yet, ironically, we have this commanding head here at the Museum only because it was captured by an enemy and then humiliatingly buried. The glory of Augustus is not quite as 4)unalloyed as he wanted us to believe.
This head was once part of a complete statue that stood on Romes most southerly frontier, on the border between modern Egypt and Sudan, probably in the town of Syene near Aswan. In 25 BC, an invading army from the Sudanese kingdom of Mero?, led by the fierce one-eyed queen 5)Candace, captured a series of Roman forts and towns in southern Egypt. Candace and her army took our statue back to the city of Mero?, and buried the 6)severed head of the glorious Augustus beneath the steps of a temple dedicated to victory. It was a superbly calculated insult. From now on, everybody walking up the steps and into the temple would literally be crushing the Roman Emperor under their feet. And if you look closely again at the head, you can see tiny 7)grains of sand from the African desert still embedded in the surface of the bronze—a badge of shame still visible on the glory of Rome.
This eternal image would be coupled with an eternal name. After his death, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. His titles Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of Sextilis was officially renamed“*August” in his honour.
头像上弯曲的头发很短,像一个男孩儿。头发有点乱,不过,那凌乱的头发是精心设计的结果——这显然花了很长时间,因为这个形象被精心打造,旨在树立一个既显青春活力,又极具威严,既帅气,又强悍,既有坚定意志,又有权力的整体形象。
这个头像比生活中的真实尺寸要稍微大一点。奥古斯都的头有一点歪,似乎他正与别人对话,这个动作让你会有一瞬间觉得他就是与你我一样的平常人,但绝对不是。他是奥古斯都皇帝。他刚刚才打败了安东尼和埃及艳后克娄巴特拉,征服了埃及,正向着帝王荣耀迈进,并坚定地踏上更非凡的旅程——加入神的行列。奥古斯都这个比真实尺寸要大的青铜头像给人们传递了一个让人略感不快,但却无可否认的信息:我无与伦比,我是你们的领袖,我超越了平凡的政治游戏。
不过颇具讽刺意味的是,尽管如此,我们之所以能够在大英博物馆这里看到这个威严的头像是因为它被敌人掳去并埋了起来,蒙受了奇耻大辱。奥古斯都身上的光环与他希望我们相信的有一定距离。
这个头像曾是一尊完整塑像的一部分,塑像原本矗立在罗马帝国最南端的边界,也就是当今埃及与苏丹的边境,可能是在阿斯旺附近的赛伊尼镇上。在公元前25年,好斗的独眼女王坎迪斯带领着一支来自麦罗埃地区的苏丹王国的军队连续攻陷了在埃及南部好几个罗马帝国的要塞堡垒和城镇。坎迪斯女王与她的队伍把奥古斯都的塑像带回麦罗埃,把被割下来的头像埋在一座为庆祝胜利而建的神庙的台阶下。这是精心策划的侮辱之举:从那一刻起,所有通过台阶走进神庙的人都会把罗马帝国的这位君主踩在脚下。如果你再次仔细看这个头像,你会看到来自非洲沙漠的细小沙粒还残留在青铜头像的表面——这是古罗马帝国荣耀史上一个让人无法忽视的耻辱印记。
这个永恒的形象与一个永垂青史的名字连在一起。奥古斯都去世后被罗马帝国的元老院列入神的行列,受到古罗马人的尊敬和爱戴。他头衔中“奥古斯都”与“恺撒”成为后世所有君王的称号,而罗马历中的六月(Sextilis)被正式改为August,以表示对他的敬意。
翻译:丁一
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Anthony 马克·安东尼(即Mark Anthony),约公元前83年—前30年,是一位古罗马政治家和军事家。他是恺撒最重要的军队指挥官和管理人员之一。恺撒被刺后,他与奥古斯都和雷必达一起组成了古罗马后三头同盟。公元前33年他与奥古斯都关系破裂,并开始内战,公元前30年安东尼战败,并与埃及女王克娄巴特拉先后自杀身亡。
Cleopatra 克娄巴特拉(又译克娄巴特拉七世、克利欧佩特拉七世、克丽奥佩特拉七世等),公元前69年—前30年,埃及托勒密王朝末代女王,先为恺撒情妇,后与安东尼结婚,安东尼溃败后,以毒蛇自杀。她也就是后世所熟知的“埃及艳后”。
August 罗马历(Roman Calendar)是实行于古代罗马王政时期的历法,直到公元前46年被儒略历取代为止。罗马历法定一年有304日,分十个月(六个月30日及4个月31日)。这十个月的名称分别是Martius、Aprilis、Maius、Junius、Quintilis、Sextilis、September、October、November及December,以春分时节作为一年之始。Sextilis原名是“第六”的意思,据说因为奥古斯都死于此月,元老院将此月改为他的称号“Augustus”。