动词时态考点揭秘
2013-07-30王祥玉
王祥玉
近几年高考试题对动词时态的考查,多体现在上下文语境中,且寓多个考点于一题,这样无形中增加了试题的难度。本文将结合最新试题,对时态题的命题角度逐一剖析,并提出相应的解题技巧。
一、 动词时态的命题规律
三个一般:一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时;
三个现在:现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时;
三个过去:过去进行时、过去将来时、 过去完成时。
二、动词时态命题形式
1. 通常有一个可参照的信息标志;
2. 固定句式中的时态;
3. 注重在语境中考察,常以对话的形式出现。
三、做题思路指导
1. 弄清事发时间(定时——现在/过去/将来/过去将来);
2. 弄清事情状态(定体——一般/现在/完成/完成进行);
3. 弄清主谓形式(定态——主动语态/被动语态)。
四、解题技巧点拨
1. 慧眼识别标志词
遇到时态题时首先寻找时间标志词,如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。
例1 — Did you catch what I said?
— Sorry. I _________a text message just now. (2012四川卷)
A. had answering B. have answered
C. would answer D. was answering
解析 D。句意为:“你听懂我所说的了吗?”“对不起,我刚刚在回短信。”根据句意及时间状语just now可知,回短信的动作正好发生在问话人说话的时间点,即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作,故选过去进行时态。
例2 — Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?
— Im sorry, but by then I _________to Beijing. How about five? (2012陕西卷)
A. fly B. will fly
C. will be flying D. am flying
解析 C。根据问句中的two oclock和应答句中的by then可知所填词表示的动作在当时正在进行,用将来进行时,选C。
例3 The manager_________ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012全国Ⅱ)
A. has told B. is telling
C. has been telling D. will have told
解析 C。现在完成进行时表示过去某一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,现在刚刚结束或还在进行。句意:经理从早上9点开始就一直在不停的告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。根据句意选C。
【归纳】
高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时,常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境选出正确的动词时态,是解决此类问题的良策。
动词的时态一般都有其对应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列八种常用时态所对应的时间状语。
一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。
一般过去时:then, yesterday, in the past, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years ... , for+一段时间, since+一段时间等。
过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years ... 等。
一般将来时:tomorrow, today, next week/month ... , in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。
过去将来时:the following month, the next week等。
2. 主从时态须呼应
如果所给题干是含有状语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。
例4 Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _________on Friday. (2012辽宁卷)
A. get paid B. got paid
C. have paid D. had been paid
解析 A。在时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来,且I与pay之间是动宾关系,所以选A。
例5 After Jack had sent some e-mails, he _________ working on his project. (2012山东卷)
A. had started B. has started
C. started D. starts
解析 C。根据前半句的谓语动词用了过去完成时,可知后半句用一般过去时,这样才能符合“过去的过去”这一条件。句意:发了几封电子邮件之后,Jack才开始研究他的项目。
【归纳】
在根据主从句时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
①在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
②正确认定主句动词和从句动词两个动作发生的先后次序,并认真体会题中语境。
③解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须恰当使用某种过去时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。
3. 细心体会辨语境
近年来高考试题对时态语态的运用要求越来越高,设题趋向于不出现时间状语,而向情境化、实际化的方向发展。因此,细心体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。
例6 —Look! Somebody _________the sofa.
— Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it. (2012江西卷)
A.is cleaning B.was cleaning
C.has cleaned D.had cleaned
解析 C。句意为:“看!有人已经打扫了沙发。”“是的,不是我,我没有做。”强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,所以用现在完成时.
例7 Dont worry. The hard work that you do now_________later in life. (2012湖南卷)
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid
C. has been repaid D. was repaid
解析 A。 从dont可知语境为现在,排除B、D;而从later in life可知为将来的动作,动词的时态应为一般将来时态,故选A。
【归纳】
捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题。
4. 瞻前顾后巧搭配
英语中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式。如果题干构成某种固定搭配或特殊句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态。
例8 Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he_________something instead of just talking. (2012辽宁卷)
A. will do B. has done C. do D. did
解析 D。 Its high time (that) 其后谓语用虚拟语气。即:过去时或should+动词原形。
例9 I _________along the street looking for a place to park my car when the accident .(2006江苏卷)
A. went; was occurring
B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred
D. was going; had occurred
解析 C。be doing ... when ... 是一个固定句式,意思是“正在……,这时(发生了另一件事)”,主句中使用过去进行时,从句中使用一般过去时;另外也可使用be about to do ... when ... 或be on the point of doing ... when ... 句式,意思是“正要做某事,这时……”。
【归纳】
高考测试的热点多为be doing (about to do) ... when ... , no sooner ... than ... , hardly ... when ... , It/This is/was the first(second ...) time ... 以及对时态有特殊要求的固定句式。
1.— Since you have agreed to go with us,why arent you getting ready?
— But I ___________ that youd have me start immediately.
A.dont realize B.didnt realize
C.hadnt realized D.havent realized
2.— Sir,Im here.
— Please listen. I ___________ asking your parents to come to our school,but Id like to hear your opinion first.
A.have considered B.am going to consider
C.considered D. have been considering
3. — Did you ask Sophia for help?
— I ___________need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.
A. wouldnt B. dont
C. didnt D. wont
4. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when___________ and see him.
A. you will come B. will you come
C. you come D. do you come
5. — When did the computer crash?
— This morning, while I___________the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A. have sorted B. was sorting
C. am sorting D. had sorted
参考答案
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