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利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白的研究进展

2013-06-09刘培磊王旭静王志兴

生物技术进展 2013年5期
关键词:药用转基因反应器

刘培磊, 李 宁, 连 庆, 王旭静, 王志兴∗

1.农业部科技发展中心,北京100122;

2.中国农业科学院生物技术研究所,北京100081

利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白的研究进展

刘培磊1, 李 宁1, 连 庆1, 王旭静2, 王志兴2∗

1.农业部科技发展中心,北京100122;

2.中国农业科学院生物技术研究所,北京100081

植物生物反应器因其具有成本低、安全性好、表达产物具有与高等动物细胞一样的免疫原性和生物活性等优点而倍受人们的关注。当前利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白成为植物基因工程的一个新趋势,已有多种产品进入临床研究。本文就近期植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白的研发情况及所处的研发阶段进行了综述,分析了目前利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白中存在的问题,并对这一技术的应用前景进行了展望。

植物生物反应器;疫苗;抗体;药用蛋白

植物生物反应器广义上指以植物悬浮细胞培养或整株植物为工厂大量生产具有重要功能的蛋白质,如人或动物用疫苗、抗体和重要的氨基酸等。与微生物和动物生物反应器相比,植物生物反应器具有成本低、安全性好、表达产物具有与高等动物细胞一样的免疫原性和生物活性等优点。因此,植物反应器越来越受到人们的关注。

自1986年Barta[1]将激素与农杆菌胆脂碱合成酶进行融合表达,首次使用植物表达系统生产药用相关蛋白,1989年第一次使用烟草表达抗体[2],1992年第一次使用植物生产乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的表面抗原[3]以来,利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白已成为国际上植物基因工程的一个新的发展趋势。

1 利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白的研发现状

1.1 利用植物生物反应器生产抗体

将编码全抗体或抗体片段的基因导入植物,即可在植物中表达出具有功能性识别抗原及具有结合特性的全抗体或部分抗体片段。植物细胞不但可以对表达的重组抗体蛋白进行正确的组装和后期加工,其表达产物也能保持良好的生物学特性,而且植物表达的抗体以二聚体形式存在,表达产物的亲和力高,有助于全面发挥抗体的功能。1989年,美国医学生物学家Hiatt等[4]从小鼠中克隆了抗体重链和轻链基因,并分别用农杆菌介导法转入烟草,通过有性杂交和筛选鉴定,在后代同一植株中表达出由重链和轻链组装的功能性抗体,抗体量可达烟草叶总蛋白的1.3%,就此开创了利用植物生产抗体的先河。此后,分泌性抗体、嵌合抗体、完整抗体、scFv片段、Fab片段和双特异活性scFv片段等先后成功地在不同植物的不同器官中表达,表达水平通常占总可溶性蛋白的0.5%~2%。1990年,During等[5]将抗体重链和轻链基因装入同一个表达载体转入烟草后获得有抗原结合活性的抗体。1991年Benvenuto等[6]将一种神经肽单抗的VH基因插入植物表达载体,在烟草中获得表达,这种单域抗体具有抗原结合特性,表达量占可溶蛋白的1%。1992年,Owen等[7]将抗光敏色素的scFv基因导入烟草后,scFv基因在转基因植株中高水平表达。截止目前,已经有包括磷酸酯、NP半抗原、神经肽、光敏色素、人肌酸激酶、HSV⁃2、人的IgG、Topoviruses、癌胚抗原、乙肝表面抗原、血液艾滋病毒、人白细胞介素L⁃4及L⁃6、马铃薯淀粉分支酶、狂犬病毒蛋白、单纯疱疹病毒、内肠杆菌毒素 A、西尼罗河病毒Hu⁃E16、人源抗狂犬病毒、汉坦病毒、人端粒酶逆转录酶、膀胱癌及人源抗恒河猴D等20多个完整抗体或各种抗体片段如Fab和scFv在植物中表达,植物种类主要包括烟草、马铃薯、大豆、拟南芥、小麦、紫花苜蓿、水稻以及玉米等。具体见表1。

1.2 利用植物生物反应器生产疫苗

自从1990年Cardineau等[21]报道利用植物生产疫苗以来,许多人或动物的自身免疫的、病毒的、细菌的、寄生虫的、肠及非肠病原的疫苗都通过不同的植物系统得到生产。这些植物系统包括马铃薯、烟草、番茄、生菜、水稻、花生、玉米、拟南芥、西伯利亚参、大豆、胡萝卜、羽扇豆、莴苣、甘蓝、花椰菜、紫花苜蓿、白车轴草、木瓜和樱桃等。目前已有20多种疫苗在植物中得到表达,并且美国Dow Agroscience公司利用烟草生产新城疫病毒的疫苗已批准使用。关于利用植物生产的疫苗具体见表2。

表1 利用转基因植物表达的药用重组抗体(2000年以后)Table 1 Recombinant anti⁃body expressed in transgenic plants(after 2000).

1.3 其他药用蛋白

生产具有药学活性的植物蛋白和多肽是近年来植物生物反应器应用的另一个迅速发展的领域,例如细胞因子、酶及其他药用蛋白和生物活性肽等。到目前为止,人们已经成功地在植物中表达的蛋白还有胰岛素、干扰素、溶菌酶、人生长激素、人表皮生长因子、人凝血因子、白细胞介素等。表达的宿主植物主要有烟草、马铃薯、拟南芥、玉米、水稻和大豆等(表3)。

表2 利用植物生物反应器生产的重组疫苗(2005年以后)Table 2 Recombinant vaccine produced by transgenic plants(after 2005).

2 药用工业用转基因植物的研发阶段

经过近20多年的研究,目前已有部分植物生产的药用蛋白进入市场,部分产品进入临床试验阶段,如Hood等[79]在转基因玉米中成功表达了重组抗生物素蛋白,表达量占总可溶性蛋白的2%,现已成为Sigma⁃Aldrich的商品。转基因油菜种子油体中表达的水蛭素也已经在加拿大投入商业生产[80]。到目前为止,已有9个重组蛋白已进入原料或试剂市场,6个已批准在临床上应用,3个处于临床研究Ⅲ期,5个处于临床研究Ⅱ期,16个处于临床研究Ⅰ期。具体见表4。

表3 利用植物生物反应器表达其他药用蛋白(2005年以后)Table 3 Pharmaceutical proteins expressed in transgenic plants(after 2005).

表4 转基因植物表达药物的临床应用Table 4 Clinical application of pharmaceutical proteins expressed in transgenic plants.

3 利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白存在的问题及展望

利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白已取得可喜进展,部分产品已经进入商业化应用阶段。但是,目前尚存在目标蛋白表达量低,提取纯化成本较高、转基因产品的安全性等问题。目标蛋白表达量低是当前利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白中普遍存在的问题,研究者们正在试图通过优化外源基因的调控序列、特定部位表达、使用植物病毒表达载体等方式来提高目标基因的表达量。

利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白虽然上游成本比动物生物反应器要低,但是从植物中提取纯化目标蛋白的成本很高,从而增加了利用生物反应器生产药用蛋白的总体成本。通过选择适当的受体材料可以有效避免由于纯化目标蛋白而增加成本的问题。例如利用香蕉作为受体材料表达食用疫苗,不但可以避免高成本纯化目标蛋白,而且可以满足人们对经济疫苗的需求。利用种子表达系统或植物细胞的悬浮培养也都能有效避免因为下游产品加工而引起的成本增加问题。

利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白的安全性问题一直是人们关注的焦点问题。由于其目标蛋白的特殊性,必须采取有效措施保证这类特殊用途的转基因植物不能进入食物链。现在研究者们在培育药用转基因植物的初期,就充分考虑其安全性,利用现有技术和一些特殊的标记基因(如红色荧光蛋白),使得这类转基因产品很容易被识别,从而避免这类药用转基因植物中外源基因向环境中逃逸,保证其安全性。

总之,随着生物技术的发展,新的高效调控元件不断发掘,新的表达体系、转化系统和新技术的不断建立,相信在不久的将来,目前存在的这些问题都会迎刃而解,利用植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白将具有更加广泛的应用前景,带来巨大的经济和社会效益。

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Progress in Using Plant Bioreactor to Produce Pharamatical Protein

LIU Pei⁃lei1,LINing1,LIAN Qing1,WANG Xu⁃jing2,WANG Zhi⁃xing2∗
1.Development Center ofScience and Technology,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100122,China;
2.Biotechnology Research Institute,Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China

Plant bioreactor wasmuch concerned because of the characteristics of low cost,safety,the same immunogenicity and biological activity of the expressed products comparewith animal bioreactor,etc.It is a new trend in plantgenetic engineering by using plant bioreactor to produce pharmaceutical proteins.A variety of products are studies on clinical stage.In this paper,we reviewed the recent studies on pharmaceutical protein producing by plant bioreactor,analyzed the current problems existing in plant bioreactor,and prospected the application of this technology in future.

plant bioreactor;bacterin;anti⁃body;pharmaceutical protein

10.3969/j.issn.2095⁃2341.2013.05.01

2013⁃07⁃05;接受日期:2013⁃09⁃11

国家转基因生物新品种培育重大专项(2012ZX08011⁃003)资助。

刘培磊,高级农艺师,主要从事转基因生物安全评价与安全管理政策研究。Tel:010⁃59199391;E⁃mail:liupeilei@agri.gov.cn。∗通信作者:王志兴,研究员,博士,主要从事植物基因工程与转基因生物安全研究。Tel:010⁃82106102;E⁃mail:wangcotton@126.com

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