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浅析现在分词和过去分词的区别

2013-04-29成明珠

考试周刊 2013年86期
关键词:及物动词分词定语

成明珠

现在分词和过去分词的用法是高中阶段学生必须掌握的语法内容。它们在高中阶段的阅读中出现率非常高,常常会困扰学生对出现现在分词或者过去分词的句子的正确理解。

一、现在分词和过去分词形式上的区别

1.从结构形式上区别

现在分词的一般式:doing(主动),being done(被动)。

现在分词的完成式:having done(主动和完成)。

having been done(完成和被动)。

过去分词的形式: done。

2.从语态上区别

在语态上,及物动词还有不及动词的现在分词,都表示主动的意思;及物动词的过去分词一般表示被动。

Do you know the young man talking to your father?

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

3.从时态上区别

及物动词和不及物动词的现在分词,都表示正在进行的动作。及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成的动作。不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成,不表示被动。

China is a developing country and America is a developed country.

The falling leaves are all yellow.

Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.

注意:不及物动词的现在分词和过去分词作定语时,意义上不同的词类似的还有:

boiling water (正在沸腾的水) boiled water(煮开过的水)

a drowning man(快淹死的人) a drowned man(已淹死的人)

二、现在分词和过去分词语法功能上的区别

1.作表语

现在分词作表语一般表示主语的性质和特征,常译作“令人……”。

过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态或感受,常译作“感到……”

His father seems pleased with his results.

The speech you delivered is very interesting and encouraging.

需要注意的是:现在分词作表语时,主语一般为物;过去分词作表语时,主语一般为人。

2.作定语

(1)单个现在分词或者过去分词一般作前置定语,但是,现在分词或者过去分词短语一般作后置定语。

He helped a crying girl on his way to school yesterday.

Some news reported on TV about sports interested him so much.

(2)单个的过去分词有时也作后置定语,但是,有些过去分词作前置定语和后置定语时意义不同。

in the given time(在既定的时间内)

with the time given(用所给的时间)

a wanted person(一个被通缉的人)

workers wanted(招聘工人)

a concerned look(关切的神情)

the people concerned(有关人士)

3.作宾语补足语

(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时,与句子的宾语逻辑上是主动关系,表示动作正在进行、还未结束或持续进行。

We found them standing there, unable to find any help.

Dont have your children work hard at their homework all the time.

(2)当现在分词的被动式作宾语补足语时,它仍表示一个正在进行或持续的动作,但宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。

I often watched the ship being loaded.

I saw the child being beaten by his father.

(3)过去分词作宾语补足语常表示动作的完成状态,或与句子的宾语逻辑上是被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语只表示动作的完成或状态,没有被动意义。

I was glad to see the child taken good care of .

When he arrived, he found all the work finished.

4.作状语

(1)分词及分词短语可作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、让步状语、或伴随状语。分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。

Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. (时间状语)

Not recognizing the voice, he refused to his invitation.(原因状语)

The man drove too fast, leading to a serious traffic accident.(结果状语)

Working hard at all lessons, you will go to college. (条件状语)

Heated, water changes into steam. (条件状语)

Exhausted, he continued his journey.(让步状语)

She turned away, disappointed. (伴随状语)

Inspired by his teachers deeds, he worked harder.(原因状语)

(2)现在分词及现在分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致;及物动词的过去分词及过去分词短语作状语时,其逻辑宾语必须和句子的主语一致。不及物动词的过去分詞及过去分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主词必须和句子的主语一致。若上述三者不一致,则必须在分词前加上它自己的逻辑主语或者逻辑宾语,构成分词的独立主格结构,仍可作状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件等。

The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.

The naughty child returned home, his nose bleeding.

The new car lost, my father got annoyed and disappointed.

Weather permitting, we are sure to see you.

需要注意的是:过去分词与现在分词完成被动式都表示已完成的动作,在意义上无多大区别,但有时在强调具体含义时有区别。

Destroyed by earthquake, the building was no longer safe.

(强调被动的动作)受到地震的破坏,这座建筑不再安全。

Having been deserted by his husband, she was very sad every day.(强调已完成的动作)被丈夫抛弃后,她每天都悲伤不已。

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