铂类药物在肿瘤治疗中的应用
2013-04-11崔然许青
崔然 许青
(同济大学附属第十人民医院肿瘤科 上海 200072)
铂类药物是20世纪60年代开始开发的一类抗癌药物[1]。与烷化剂、抗癌抗生素和激素一样,铂类药物也属于细胞周期非特异性药物。铂类药物进入肿瘤细胞后能与DNA形成Pt-DNA加合物,从而介导肿瘤细胞坏死或凋亡、产生抗癌效果。自1978年顺铂(cisplatin)上市以来,许多新型铂类药物相继问世,为抗癌治疗提供了新的选择。经过将近半个世纪的发展,铂类药物因其独特的抗癌机制、广泛的抗癌谱而成为抗癌药物研究的热点之一。顺铂和卡铂(carboplatin)是目前临床上使用最广的化疗药物之一,被广泛用于治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC)、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、食管癌、胃癌、结肠直肠癌和头颈部肿瘤等常见恶性肿瘤。随着药物表观基因组学(pharmacoepigenomics)的发展,对新的分子标志物的探索将为未来降低癌症患者对铂类药物的耐药性以及增强疗效、提高生存率提供新的契机。
1 联合用药在治疗常见肿瘤中的应用
1.1 联合治疗NSCLC
NSCLC是最常见的肺癌病理类型,约占全部肺癌的80%~85%。贝伐珠单抗(bevacizumab)通过选择性地与人血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)结合阻断VEGF的生物活性,进而抑制血管增殖。Du等[2]报告,在一项治疗NSCLC患者恶性胸腔积液的临床试验中,贝伐珠单抗300 mg联合顺铂30 mg能较单用顺铂30 mg更有效地降低积液中的VEGF和癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen)含量,而两组3~4级不良事件的发生率没有显著差异,推测胸腔积液中的VEGF水平可能可作为贝伐珠单抗治疗的预后标志。Urata等[3]在一项Ⅱ期试验中使用S-1联合卡铂和贝伐珠单抗治疗48例NSCLC患者,结果显示客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR)为54.2%(95%CI: 39.2%~68.6%)、中位无进展生存时间(progressionfree survival, PFS)为 6.8个 月(95% CI: 4.3~ 8.2个月),≥3级的毒性主要为血液毒性。在日本进行的一项Ⅱ期试验(“JO19907”试验)发现,贝伐珠单抗联合卡铂和紫杉醇治疗晚期NSCLC患者(121例)可较单用卡铂和紫杉醇(59例)显著提高ORR(分别为60.7%和31.0%,P=0.001 3),且治疗组和对照组均未出现新的严重副作用[4]。
与贝伐珠单抗类似,莫特塞尼(motesanib)亦具有抗VEGF受体-1,VEGF受体-2,VEGF受体-3、血小板衍生生长因子受体(platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PDGFR)和Kit的作用。Blumenschein等[5]通过一项Ⅱ期多中心、对照试验比较了莫特塞尼联合紫杉醇和卡铂与贝伐珠单抗联合紫杉醇和卡铂治疗晚期非鳞癌NSCLC的疗效和耐受性,发现两治疗组的疗效相当,但在莫特塞尼组中出现了较高的毒性反应,尽管毒性反应仍在可控范围内。厄洛替尼(erlotinib)通过阻断表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)信号途径产生抗肿瘤增殖和侵袭作用。Chen等[6]评估了国内一项关于厄洛替尼治疗NSCLC的Ⅲ期随机、开放性试验(“CTONG-0802”试验)中EGFR突变阳性患者的生存质量后发现,厄洛替尼在延长PFS、改善生存质量方面优于吉西他滨联合卡铂。
紫杉烷类药物因具有抗微管作用而成为铂类药物治疗NSCLC的常用配伍药物。Xie等[7]的研究表明,乐铂(lobaplatin)单用或联合抗微管药物(特别是多西他赛)的抗NSCLC活性较顺铂或卡铂高。最近完成的一项治疗NSCLC的6国多中心Ⅲ期临床试验(“CA031”试验)表明,与紫杉醇(paclitaxel)联合卡铂相比,130 nm白蛋白-紫杉醇颗粒(130 nm albumin-bound paclitaxel particles)联合卡铂治疗可以显著提高ORR(分别为35%和27%)、延长中位PFS(分别为6.9和5.6个月,HR=0.845)和中位总生存期(overall survival, OS)(分别为16.7和15.9个月, HR=0.930)[8]。
抗叶酸代谢药物培美曲赛(pemetrexed)联合顺铂或卡铂作为ⅢB~Ⅳ期NSCLC的一线治疗方案最近已在德国获得批准。Schuette等[9]进行的一项Ⅱ期随机试验发现,培美曲赛联合顺铂或卡铂治疗能够达到较理想的目标。培美曲塞联合卡铂治疗老年晚期NSCLC的Ⅱ期试验也正在法国进行[10]。
1.2 联合治疗妇科肿瘤
1.2.1 治疗乳腺癌
乳腺癌、特别是已发生转移的乳腺癌对蒽环类或紫杉烷类药物不敏感。Deng等[11]进行的Ⅱ期试验评价了乐铂35 mg/m2联合培美曲赛500 mg/m2治疗对蒽环类和紫杉烷类药物耐药的转移性乳腺癌的疗效和安全性,结果显示部分缓解率为15.8%(3/19)、中位OS为10.3个月,但因各种毒性反应率高,药物剂量有待调整。三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC)是指雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2)均为阴性的乳腺癌,约占所有乳腺癌的15%,预后差[12]。近期美国一项回顾性分析表明,顺铂联合多西他赛延长局部进展TNBC患者PFS和OS的作用优于卡铂[13]。
1.2.2 治疗宫颈癌
宫颈癌是导致女性死亡的第二大癌症死因,65岁以上妇女的宫颈癌发病率为0.69%~1.38%[14],顺铂被推荐用于治疗复发的宫颈癌已有30年历史[15],顺铂联合紫杉醇一直是治疗进展期和复发的宫颈癌的一线化疗方案。来自如妇科肿瘤组织(Gynecologic Oncology Group)、日本临床肿瘤组织(Japanese Clinical Oncology Group)等国际协作组织的数据显示,顺铂联合紫杉醇仍然是目前治疗进展期和复发的宫颈癌的最优方案,而卡铂可能是未来替代顺铂治疗宫颈癌的理想药物[16]。
1.2.3 治疗卵巢癌
p53突变和Akt活化导致的对铂类药物的耐药现象在治疗卵巢癌时很常见,提高卵巢癌细胞的敏感性及寻找新的联合治疗方案是当务之急。Kobayashi等[17]的研究发现,p53再激活并诱导大规模细胞凋亡-1(p53 reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis-1)可以增加p53突变的耐药性卵巢癌细胞对顺铂化疗的敏感性,这可能是通过增加磷酸化p53的含量和下调Akt的表达、进而促进癌细胞凋亡来实现的。类似地,韩国研究人员通过使用盐霉素(salinomycin)抑制蛋白激酶B即Akt/转录因子-κB信号分子而成功地使耐顺铂卵巢癌细胞(A2780cis)发生了凋亡[18]。这些研究为解决卵巢癌耐药问题提供了新的思路和方法。
1.3 联合治疗其他肿瘤
1.3.1 治疗胃癌
顺铂联合氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil)是治疗晚期胃腺癌的常用方案。顺铂联合氟尿嘧啶和多西他赛(DCF方案)的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床试验表明,该方案的疗效更好,但血液毒性也大大增加。Alici等[19]使用低剂量DCF方案治疗120例转移性胃癌获得了较好的疗效:4例达到完全缓解、36例达到部分缓解,ORR为56.6%;中位到疾病进展时间为7个月(95% CI: 6~7.9个月),中位OS为15个月(95% CI: 13.7~16.2个月);3~4级白细胞减少发生率为20%(24/120)。索拉非尼(sorafenib)通过抑制VEGF受体和PDGFR等多种受体的酪氨酸激酶产生抗血管生成作用。近期完成的一项Ⅱ期试验(“ECOG 5203”试验)探索了索拉非尼联合顺铂和多西他赛治疗转移性或晚期胃癌和胃食管交界处腺癌的疗效,发现有41%(18/44)的患者达到部分缓解,中位PFS为5.8个月,中位OS为13.6个月[20]。虽然有64%的患者出现了3~4级白细胞减少,但该联合方案的疗效和耐受性值得进一步探索。
1.3.2 治疗结肠直肠癌
结肠直肠癌在确诊时有20%~25%的患者已发生肝转移[21]。奥沙利铂是第一个显现对结肠癌有效的铂类药物,其联合氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸(leucovorin)(FOLFOX方案)是治疗结肠癌的常用方案。日本的一项回顾性研究和欧洲的多项临床试验均表明,FOLFOX方案可以有效治疗结肠直肠癌[22]。Shogbon等[23]最近报告了1例因使用FOLFOX方案化疗导致结肠癌患者隐源性机化性肺炎(cryptogenic organizing pneumonia)的罕见病例,该不良事件应引起临床医师的注意。
1.3.3 治疗头颈部肿瘤
近10年来头颈部肿瘤的发病率有所上升,其病理类型以鳞癌为主。2011年美国FDA批准了西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)联合顺铂(卡铂)和氟尿嘧啶作为局部复发或转移性头颈部鳞癌的一线治疗方案。Cohen等[24]使用欧盟批准的西妥昔单抗对此方案进行验证,获得了较好的疗效。Huang等[25]比较了西妥昔单抗联合放疗与铂类药物联合放疗治疗头颈部肿瘤的疗效,发现这两方案在改善2年局部复发率和远处转移方面没有差异,但铂类药物联合放疗可显著延长≤65岁患者的2年生存率(分别为83%和58%,P=0.001)。西妥昔单抗联合放疗可能是治疗老年头颈部肿瘤的合理替代方案。日本的一项使用铂类药物联合西妥昔单抗治疗33例复发和转移的头颈部鳞癌的Ⅱ期临床试验也取得了较好疗效(中位PFS为4.1个月,OS为14.1个月,疾病控制率为88%),但97%的患者出现了3~4级不良事件,提示需对此方案进行进一步研究以降低毒性[26]。
2 联合分子生物学标志物检测在肿瘤治疗中的应用
药物表观基因组学是指基于表观遗传学的机制来研究药物基因组学对药物反应性的调节,对探究耐铂类药物机制和增强铂类药物的抗癌效果意义重大。近年来的研究表明,许多分子生物学标志物参与了铂类药物的抗癌作用过程。
1)核苷酸切除修复交叉互补组-1(excision repair cross-complmenting group-1, ERCC1)ERCC1是核苷酸减切修复(nucleotide excision repair)途径的关键因子,与对铂类药物抵抗有很强的相关性[27-29],即ERCC1表达水平的高低与铂类药物的抗癌疗效和患者预后呈负相关关系。近期Lu等[30]的研究对此理论提出了挑战,他们发现直肠癌伴淋巴结转移者有较无淋巴结转移者更低的ERCC1以及乳腺和卵巢癌易感基因-1(breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility-1, BRCA1)mRNA水平,推测ERCC1和BRCA1的低表达可作为直肠癌不良预后的预测因子。
2)BRCA1 BRCA1涉及多种DNA修复途径,完整的BRCA1路径对于修复DNA交叉链接和断裂起着重要作用,而该路径受损则常意味着DNA修复能力下降、对顺铂治疗敏感[31]。一项多中心Ⅲ期随机试验(“GOG-172”试验)研究了顺铂联合紫杉醇静脉内给药和腹腔内给药治疗Ⅲ期卵巢上皮癌的疗效,发现在BRCA1表达正常组,两种给药途径的中位OS没有差异(分别为50和58个月,P=0.818)。但在BRCA1表达异常组,两种给药途径的中位OS差异明显(分别为47和84个月,P=0.000 2)[32],这可能与BRCA1的低表达增强了卵巢上皮癌对顺铂联合紫杉醇腹腔内给药的敏感性有关。
除ERCC1和BRCA1外,一些其他分子生物学标志物如胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathioneS-transferase)、跨膜蛋白158(transmembrane protein 158)和细丝结合LIM蛋白-1(filamin-binding LIM protein-1)与铂类药物抗癌效果间的关系也在研究中,未来有望对肿瘤患者实现更有效的个体化治疗。
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