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《国土安全》:最佳美剧打造记

2013-01-31

疯狂英语·阅读版 2013年1期
关键词:国土

The Homeland staff boasts a pool of experience unique to television: all six writers have previously run shows of their own, including former creative bosses of 24 and Cold Case. Folded into oversize 1)easy chairs, they each stare at the 2)rough draft of a script. On the wall, a grid of index cards 3)mapping out the shows second season hangs near a framed magazine article in which President Barack Obama declares himself a fan.

At the prime-time Emmy Awards in September, Homeland had nine nominations (and won four), the most of any freshman series. In the Showtime networks psychological thriller, Claire Danes(best lead actress in a drama) plays a 4)bipolar CIA agent who suspects a U.S. Marine (played by lead-actor winner Damian Lewis) of having been turned against his country.

Executive producers Alex Gansa and Howard Gordon 5)set out to make a different show than the last one they worked on together, 24, a series fueled by 6)blistering action and violence, putting added pressure on the writers. “One of the first things we said to ourselves was, 7)chances are were not going to see Claires character pull a gun this season,” Mr. Gansa recalls.

若说《国土安全》的幕后成就了这一台戏,那让凭借精湛演技获奖的克莱尔·丹尼斯情何以堪?但,此刻,你不得不说,幕后创作班底就是灵魂,就是核心。从剧情架构到人物心理,每一个创作环节都堪称编剧心血的结晶,2012年艾美奖颁奖典礼上,《国土安全》和艾美一贯的宠儿《摩登家庭》并驾齐驱,大放异彩。每个看过该剧的人都大呼过瘾,剧情环环相扣,引人入胜,连美国总统奥巴马都说自己爱上了《国土安全》——当然,该剧投射的爱国情怀亦不免被认为是美国精神的输出。

2007年,好莱坞编剧举行罢工,那是近20年来最大规模的一次:第一次,这帮电视电影的幕后英雄站在了镁光灯下,为自己的权益呼唤平等。他们累死累活,他们想要高薪,他们也想要人们的尊重。你以为汤姆·克鲁斯在《碟中谍4》中的是本色演出?殊不知他的一举一动,一言一语其实都只是编剧精心设计的效果罢了。

——Mac

《国土安全》的幕后功臣拥有傲视同侪的电视制作经验:六位编剧先前都有自己专属的节目,这些人中有的是《反恐24小时》和《铁证悬案》的前创意总监。他们坐在宽大的大班椅上,每个人都盯着同一份剧本的初稿。墙上,有不少索引卡片,描绘该剧第二季的走向,旁边有一篇被裱起来的杂志文章,文章里面提及到总统巴拉克·奥巴马宣称自己是该剧的拥趸。

在九月黄金时段播出的艾美奖颁奖礼上,《国土安全》坐拥九项提名,并赢得了其中四项大奖,在新剧中领跑。这部在Showtime电视台播放的心理悬念剧,讲述了克莱尔·丹尼斯(荣获剧情类剧集最佳女主角奖)扮演的一名患有躁郁症的中央情报局探员,怀疑一位美国海军军官(由剧情类剧集最佳男主角戴米恩·路易斯饰演)背叛了自己的国家。

执行制片人亚历克斯·甘萨和霍华德·高登当初决定要打造与他们之前合作那部包含激烈冲突和动作元素的《反恐24小时》不一样的剧集,这目标给编剧们带来又一重压力。“一开始我们就对自己说,新一季我们有可能不会看到克莱尔所扮演的角色拿枪了,” 甘萨回忆道。

In this world, experience is 8)at a premium, says Bert Salke, president of the Fox 21 television studio, a unit of News Corp., which publishes The Wall Street Journal. “Its a 9)sea change in television—were seeing[writing talent] age up,” he says, noting that among the creators of this years drama nominees, the youngest is 41-year-old D.B. Weiss of Game of Thrones (the shows 42-year-old cocreator David Benioff, who wrote movies including Troy as well as several novels, is no 10)raw recruit, either). “Its the day of experience. Thats awesome, and not just because Im old,” says Mr. Salke, age 50.

He says Homeland, which Fox 21 produces, is “the 11)standard-bearer” of this trend, with a writing staff whose average age is more than 52. The producers say they hired Chip Johannessen, a former 24 writer and showrunner on Dexter, because of his skill with tense action-thriller plots. Alex Cary, who ran the detective drama Lie to Me, is a former British 12infantry officer who 13)reality-checks the 14)soldierly behavior of Brody, the Homeland marine who endured eight years of 15)captivity by an 16)al Qaeda-like terrorist group. Henry Bromells showrunner experience includes Homicide, but hes also a novelist with relevant personal history: his father was a CIA station chief in Cairo, Amman and Tehran. Meredith Stiehm created Cold Case, and as the only woman on the writing staff, she says its her responsibility to 17)calibrate the lead character, Carrie Mathison, “a female character in a maledominated world.”

The rarity of a writers room full of showrunners is understandable.“Its not done costwise or ego-wise,”says Mr. Salke. With all the writers going into season two with the top credit of executive producer, their salaries represent a big drain on the shows budget, the studio president says, joking, “theres a reason we make the show in North Carolina” instead of Washington, where its set.

当下这个世界,经验最吃香,伯特·沙尔克说,他是新闻集团旗下的21世纪福克斯电视制作中心的首席执行官,该集团也是《华尔街日报》的东家。“电视行业发生了巨变,我们正看着主创人员的年龄段不断提升,”他说道,并指出,在今年所有的剧情类剧集制作人提名中,年龄最小的是41岁的D·B·魏斯,他是热门剧集《权利的游戏》的主创,而与其搭档的则是42岁的大卫·比尼奥夫——也是名职业老手了,曾创作过的剧本包括电影《特洛伊》以及其他好几部小说。“如今讲究经验。这很棒,不是因为我年纪大才这么说,”现年50岁的沙尔克说道。

他说,由21世纪福克斯打造的《国土安全》是当下的“弄潮儿”,主创作家平均年龄都在52岁以上。制作人说他们邀请了奇普·约翰内森加盟,因为他们看重其处理紧张动作悬念剧的手法。约翰内森曾参与《反恐24小时》的剧本创作,现在是《嗜血法医》的负责人。亚历克斯·卡里,是侦探剧《别对我说谎》的制作人,曾经是英国步兵团的军官,真实地还原了《国土安全》里的海军军官布罗迪的英勇行径——被一个类似“基地”的恐怖组织囚禁八年仍坚挺不屈。亨利·布拉莫尔的制作人经验包括《情理法的春天》,同时他也是一名有相关生活背景的小说作家:他的父亲是中央情报局的地区指挥官,驻扎过开罗、安曼以及德黑兰。梅瑞迪斯·施蒂姆打造了《铁证悬案》,也是《国土安全》剧作主创中的唯一女性,她说她的责任就是给女主角卡莉·马西森这位“男权当道的世界中的女性”进行准确定位。

多名剧集制片人担任编剧这种罕有的情况可以理解。“缩手缩脚或是意气用事都不能成事,”沙尔克说道。第二季,由于沿用这些一流作家和顶尖制作人——他们的薪酬可占了这部剧预算的大部分,这位制作中心的负责人戏称:“我们选择北卡罗来纳州(而不是华盛顿)作为拍摄地还是有原因的”。

As the showrunner of Homeland, its Mr. Gansa who makes the final calls. In a session this summer in the writers room, where a bookcase was 18)lined with titles like American Sniper, the staff ignored a bowl of baby carrots and sucked 19)lollipops—they 20)pilfer candy from the betterstocked Fox sitcom New Girl, whose writers work next door. With his black Nike sneakers 21)propped on the coffee table, Mr. Gansa took a 22)Socratic approach to a script drafted by Mr. Johannessen, asking questions aimed more at character analysis than plot mechanics, such as,“Is Carrie behaving recklessly?” and “Why is he trying to protect something that has fallen through his hands like sand?” Across the room, Mr. Gordon, who set out for Los Angeles with Mr. Gansa after they graduated from Princeton University, sometimes completed his partners sentences—or interrupted with a 23)contradictory thought.

Colleagues say one of Mr. Gansas pet terms is “leak testing”—a lengthy phase of discussion that ensures that scripts not only surprise, but make sense. “Theres a real rigor in the storytelling, and thats figured out 24)collectively. It doesnt go through one persons typewriter,” says David Nevins, Showtimes president of entertainment, who has known 25)Messrs. Gansa and Gordon for 20 years, and made Homeland the first series he 26)greenlighted after joining Showtime in 2010.

Mr. Gansas quest for consensus can be time-consuming. He says it took “months of discussion” to decide that Brody should don a 27)suicide vest in a plan to kill top U.S. officials in the season finale (Mr. Cary, the former soldier, argued that a U.S. Marine, even one with seditious intent, would never choose that method). The writers began mapping out season two in February; it wasnt until a couple of weeks ago that they agreed on how to end season two. Mr. Gansa said in early August: “Were dealing with the same thing we dealt with last year. Either we kill Brody or we dont.”

The future of the Homeland writers room is also unclear. Given the success of the series, its possible that one or more writers will be hired away to develop their own shows, Mr. Salke says.

“Trust me, theyll be offered enough that they will leave. So then, what does the show 28)morph into next?”

作为《国土安全》的制作人,甘萨是这部剧的拍板人。在这个夏天的一次编剧会议上,创作室里的书架上排满了像《美国狙击兵》那样的书,一碗小胡萝卜摆在创作人员面前,他们却吃起了棒棒糖——那是他们从隔壁《杰西驾到》(福克斯的情景喜剧)的创作组那里偷来的,因为别人的存货更足。甘萨把自己的黑色耐克运动鞋立在咖啡桌上,用苏格拉底式的方法来延伸创作约翰内森定下的初稿,问的更多是有关人物分析,而非剧情架构的问题,例如,“卡莉是不是表现得不顾一切?”以及“为什么他要保护一些已经像沙子那样从他手中流走的东西?”创作室的另一边,是高登——他是甘萨在普林斯顿大学读书时的校友,毕业后一同前往洛杉矶打天下——他有时会回答搭档的问题,或是用一个对立的想法将对方思路打断。

同事们说甘萨的口头禅之一为“检漏测试”——一个漫长的讨论过程,保证剧本创作不单单给予人惊喜,还要合情理。“剧情创作的过程中非常严谨,那是共识了。剧本不仅要经过一人之手,”大卫·内文斯说,他是Showtime的娱乐总监,他认识甘萨和高登有20年了,自2010年加盟Showtime以来,《国土安全》是第一部获得他批准而投资的电视剧。

甘萨要求团队取得共识是比较耗时的。他说,第一季收官之时,就布罗迪是否应该穿上装满炸药的背心去杀美国高官就花了“长达数月来讨论”,曾当过兵的卡里争辩说一个美国海军军官,哪怕是一个很激进的人,也不会选择这种方式。二月起,创作组就开始筹划第二季了;但在几周前他们才谈论出如何安排第二季的结局。甘萨在八月初的时候说:“我们现在正在处理的事情正是去年我们所面对的。要不我们就杀了布罗迪,要不他还活着。”

《国土安全》创作组的未来仍不明朗。鉴于现在该剧的火热程度,一个或者更多的编剧会有可能被高薪挖走,推出自己的剧集,沙尔克说道。

“相信我,如果薪酬够诱人,他们会离开的。那么,接下来这部剧的走向会是怎样呢?”

小资料

24 反恐2 4小时

一部艾美奖以及金球奖获奖电视剧,2001年首播。故事讲述主角杰克·鲍尔与虚构的反恐局对抗在美国本土发动袭击的恐怖分子。《24》是“实时”进行的电视剧集,每一季讲述了某一天的故事,而每一集描述每个小时发生的事件,而一季的24集就涵盖了一天的时间。

Cold Case 铁证悬案

一部2003年推出的刑侦题材电视剧,讲述费城女警莉莉·拉什和她的小组侦破陈年旧案的断案经历。该剧不仅仅有漂亮的推理过程,女性的温柔和人性的胶着也显现得尤为明显,故受到了很多人的喜爱。

Game of Thrones 权力的游戏

一部中世纪史诗奇幻题材的电视连续剧,2011年首播。该剧以美国作家乔治·R·R·马丁的奇幻巨作《冰与火之歌》七部曲为基础改编创作。故事设置在维斯特洛的七个王国,主要讲述王国的七个贵族家族争夺铁王座的权力斗争。

Dexter 嗜血法医

本剧改编自杰夫·林赛的小说《德克斯特》小说系列,2006年推出。剧中主角戴克斯特·摩根白天是迈阿密警局的法医,夜晚则成为连环杀手,去追捕那些自以为可以逍遥法外的罪犯。

Lie to Me 别对我撒谎

一部描述心理学的电视剧,2009年推出。该剧的灵感来源于美国心理学专家保罗·艾克曼博士的真实研究以及畅销书《Telling Lies》。在片中,主角利用“脸部动作编码系统”分析被观察者的肢体语言和微表情,进而向他们的客户(包括FBI等美国执法机构或联邦机构)提供被观测者是否撒谎等分析报告。

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