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他山之石,可以攻玉

2013-01-01郑继岭

考试周刊 2013年2期

1.引言

苏霍姆林斯基在《给教师的建议》一书中提出:“如果教师不想方设法法使学生产生情绪高昂和智力振奋的内心状态就急于传播知识,那么这种知识只能使人产生冷漠的态度;而不动情感的脑力劳动就会带来疲倦。没有欢欣鼓舞的心情,学习就会成为学生沉重的负担。”

较之高一高二,高三复习时间紧,任务重,学生压力大,如何才能从学生的兴趣和已有水平出发,精心设计语法复习课程是很多一线教师正在思索的问题。笔者拟从两节同课异构语法课分析高三语法教学。

2.同课异构的课例分析

2.1同课异构定义。

“同课异构”是指相同的教学内容,由两位或两位以上的教师根据自己的实际和对教材的不同理解,设计不同的教学方案,分别在平行班级上课。同课异构活动是探索高效课堂教学模式的重要途径,由于教师不同,因此对同一教学内容采用不同处理方式、不同教学策略,会产生不同的教学效果,对比教师的教学设计,取长补短,有利于教学质量提高。

2.2高三语法教学现状。

在高三英语课堂复习中,语法复习既是重点又是难点。比较常见的做法是教师先把某项语法规则的相关内容系统地呈献给学生,然后举例说明,接着让学生死记硬背,最后做大量的选择题加以巩固,这种做法导致学生接触语法时完全脱离语境。语法基础好的学生没有机会运用语法规则进行语言实践活动;而语法基础较为薄弱的学生没有时间和机会对语法规则进行理解和加工,更无法把语法规则内化成自己的知识,因而复习后仍不能掌握语法知识。同时,由于复习方法单一,语言活动形式与意义分离,课堂效率随之低下,课堂气氛沉闷,学生感到乏味。

针对语法复习课中存在的问题,下面通过分析和对比两节高三语法复习课,探讨如何进行有效的高三语法教学。

2.3教学案例和学情分析。

2.3.1教学内容分析

教学内容是复习高二学过的非谓语动词,基于学生的知识水平和接受能力,这一课时要求学生掌握以下内容:不定式用法;动名词用法;分词用法。

2.3.2学情分析

上课的两个班级是高三年级中的同一组合班级,人数大约50人,英语水平基本一致,均存在一定程度的两极分化,两个班级英语成绩相当。

两位授课教师均为高三的任课教师,第一位教师(以下简称“教师A”)教龄21年,第二位教师(以下简称“教师B”)教龄11年。两位教师的教学风格各有千秋,其中教师A的教学风格比较传统,教师B能比较大胆尝试创新。

2.3.3两个教学案例描述

[教学案例1]

Step one:Lead in

教师A呈现了三个不同的非谓语句型,让学生分别出属于哪一种非谓语,从而引出话题——什么是非谓语,它包括哪些类型。

Step two:Explanation

教师A先用表格的形式列举了非谓语动词在句子中分别充当的成分,以及非谓语的时态和语态。然后教师A分别列举非谓语结构的重要考点。

考点一:分词、不定式做宾语补足语的用法,教师A用下列句子填空的形式总结了四个重要的用法。

(1)At that moment I saw him (cross) the road

(2)He went away without saying anything, (leave) us ( stand)outside.

(3)The teacher asked us (not make)so much noise.

(4)He is thought (invent)the first telephone in the world.

考点二:不定式、分词作定语的用法,教师A在讲解这一要点时,先在黑板上呈现了以下句子,然后让学生改错,再对这一考点做一个总结。

(1)The Browns have a comfortable house to live.

(2)“Sir,have you got anything to type today?”“Yes,a pile of documents over there.”

(3)He was the best man doing the job.

(4)Things losing never come again.

(5)The question discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

考点三:不定式、动名词做宾语的用法,在分析这一要点时,教师A首先直接列举了只能用不定式或者只能用动名词,以及既可以跟不定式,又可以用动名词作宾语的动词。

只能用不定式作宾语的动词:decide,learn,want,refuse,pretend...

只能用动名词作宾语的动词:consider,suggest,look forward to,excuse...

两者都可以用的动词:forget、remember,stop,try,go on...

考点四:不定式、分词作状语的用法,在不定式作状语中,教师A列举了下列句子让学生分析不定式作状语时的不同用法。

(1)Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.

(2)He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.

(3)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

(4)To look at him,you would like him.

(5)I am very glad to see you.

(6)He is old enough to go to school.

在分词作状语中,教师A分四个板块讲述,分别是:分词做状语时其形式的选择、分词做状语的基本原则、分词做状语的句法功能、独立成分做状语。

Step three:Consolidation

教师A在分析完后所有讲解后,用非谓语动词的历年高考题作为巩固材料,要求学生当堂完成,然后点评分析。

[教学案例2]

Step one:Lead in

教师B给学生展示了两组句子,分别是江苏2011年高考中的考试中学生作文中的对比句子。

对比1:①Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day’s work,the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder.

②After she know her mother is very tired,the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder.

对比2:①...totally engaged in my own study,I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels,and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return.

② I am busy with my study so I pay little attention to my mother’s needs and feeling.

Step two:Experience

教师B给学生展示了三篇模块5中的语篇,分别让学生辨别动名词、不定式、分词在语篇中的运用,以及它们所充当的成分。

语篇(1):

Dear Laura,

I want to thank you for your last letter.I was very happy when I saw it in my mailbox.I’m so glad I persuaded you to talk to Rachel.Isn’t it wonderful to have good friends?Speaking of friends,I’ve met some nice people here in London and I think we might become close friends.I decided to write rather than e-mail you about my new friends because it’s always nice to receive a letter from someone special.

语篇(2):

Exciting news for animal lovers

Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America illegally.One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely.He could see a woman walking in front of a group.Then he saw feathers falling from under her coat.Having seen this,the customs officer asked the woman to come over to his desk.He was surprised to find ten birds inside her coat.There was a short fat gentleman following her.Another customs officer called him over when it seemed he had a moving stomach!On taking off his jacket,a sleeping tortoise was found on his stomach.Apparently he had traveled on the plane like this,keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket.Such arrests are very pleasing for Paris officers.

语篇(3):

The job of a scientist is to find out the truth in the field of science.It is a challenging professor.Scientists usually have to do thousands of experiments in order to prove something.Although they are often disappointed,if they fail,most of them never give up.My next door neighbor is a scientist.He studies radiation.He is always working in his lab,trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him thrilled.When I met him the other day,he had had a breakthrough.He sounded so excited ,then I noticed that he was wearing shoes that did not match.He must have been working too hard to notice.I think it’s good to do a job that you are interested in.otherwise you will get bored easily.

教师B向学生展示了一组句子,然后根据下列句子让学生分组讨论,得出非谓语动词解题的基本步骤。

(1)If you to the left,you’ll find the post office.

(2) to the left,and you’ll find the post office.

(3) to the left,you’ll find the post office.

A.Turning B.To turn C.Turn D.Turned

(4)——Mum,why do you always eat an egg every day?

—— enough protein and nutrition.

A.Get B.Getting C.To get D.To be getting

(5)——What do you think made Mary so upset?

—— her new bicycle.

A.To lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing

(6)①Mr.Li is said abroad but I don’t know which country he studied in.

②Mr.Li is said abroad but I don’t know which country he is studying in.

A. to study B.to have studied

C.to be studying D.having studied

(7)① (一听到)the news,they all jumped with joy.

② (不知道)her address,we couldn’t get in touch with her.

③ (没收到)an answer,he decided to write another letter.

④Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.

A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to

(8)I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A.to go B.having gone C.going D.to have gone

Step three:consolidation

教师B让学生完成若干组相似题的解答,从中再次感悟非谓语动词的解题三步骤:

(1) the tower(从顶上上看),our town looks more beautiful.(see)

(2) the tower(从顶上上看),we find our town more beautiful.(see)

(3) the tower(为了看),he drove two hours from a mountainous village.(see)

(4)The sports meet (举行)next week is of great importance.

(5)The sports meet (正在举行)next week is of great importance.

(6)The sports meet (上星期举行)next week is of great importance.

(7)It’s wrong of you to leave (让机器一直开着).(run)

(8)The guests left (大部分菜没有动)because they didn’t taste delicious.(touch)

(9)He left,leaving me .(去做剩余的所有工作)(do)

(10)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems(有待解决) .(settle)

(11)With the assistants (正在处理)lot of difficult problems,the A newly-elected president can be interviewed.(settle)

(12)With a lot of difficult problems (要处理),the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(settle)

(13)With a lot of difficult problems (已处理),the newly-elected president is having a good time.(settle)

(14)(没有公共汽车) ,we had to walk home last night.(be)

(15)Everything(通盘考虑) ,his attempt is not likely to turn out to be a success.(take)

(16)The teacher(将帮助我们) ,we will surely pass the final exam.(help)

(17)(假若健康状况良好的话) ,I hope to finish the work this year.(give)

(18) (根据他的话判断),he did well in his exam.(judge)

(19)(说实话) ,I am not familiar with this skill.(tell)

(20)Twenty passengers were killed in the accident,(include) (包括两名儿童).

(21)The window needs (洗)(clean)

(22)This place is worthy. (值得参观).(visit)

教师B给学生布置一份回家作业,要求学生完成一篇作文,在作文中适当地使用非谓语动词。

用英语写一篇关于四川地震的简介:

写作内容:

①2008年5月12日,一场特大地震袭击了四川省,造成了成千上万人无家可归。②大量的人员受伤,甚至丧命。③为了营救那些受困和被埋的人,政府及时采取有效的措施,派遣士兵到受灾地区。④听到这个噩耗后,全世界的人们都伸出了援助之手。⑤尽管他们失去了一切,但他们正全力以赴,克服重重困难,重建家园。

参考词汇:袭击:hit/strike

受灾地区:the earthquake-stricken area

参考:

On May 12th,2008,a worst earthquake struck Sichuan Province,causing thousands of people homeless.A great number of people were injured or even killed.To rescue the trapped and buried people,the government immediately took effective measures,sending the soldiers to the earthquake-stricken areas.Hearing the terrible news,the people all over the world came together to help them.Although having lost everything,they are trying their best to overcome all kinds of difficulties to rebuild their home.

3.同课异构对比分析

从以上的教学流程可以看出,两位教师采用了不同的教学模式,分析对比两堂课的教学案,探索有效的高三语法复习模式。

3.1导入不同。

教师A在导入时,只是简单呈现了三个非谓语的句子,让学生讲述非谓语的三种类型,虽然导入直接,但是学生兴趣不高。教师B利用了2011年江苏卷高考满分作文的句子,由于恰地使用了非谓语动词,提升了句子的质量。感受到这一语法确实有实用价值,学生的学习兴趣一下高涨,因此不同的导入方式,学生的学习热情有差别。

3.2语法知识输入方式不同。

教师A尝试的是传统的教学模式,课堂上多以自己讲授,虽然也有让学生参与的题目,但是大多采取的是“语法规则—配套练习”这一单一的方式教学,许多学生在做练习时仍感到困惑。教师B则采用了不同的方式,首先考虑为学生设置涉及非谓语动词的语境,他以高二模块5中的三篇短文入手,让学生在有意义的语境中体会语法规则的特定意义。高中学生具有一定的认知能力,能够利用已有的认知能力去分析和推断语言规律。在语法复习过程中,教师要善于利用学生的认知能力,启发学生去分析和推断语言规律,主动探求关于语法形式的外显特征,而不是等待教师灌输。因此教师B给了学生几组句子,让学生自己讨论分析非谓语动词的解题步骤。由于学生在探究中自我感悟了规则,从巩固练习的效果看,成效显著。

3.3不同的巩固提升。

在学生完成任务并掌握了一定的知识后,教室往往会设计帮助学生内化语言、发展语言运用能力的任务。“教师在教学中如何帮助学生对所学信息和语言进行重组、加工和内化是提高课堂教学实效性的关键”(王蔷,2008)。教师A在巩固所学知识环节时只是将历年高考题罗列给学生,虽然题目具有代表性,但形式过于单一,不利于学生消化。教师B先让学生完成了几组相似题,通过对比,进一步理会解题步骤和技巧。然后通过课后的作文,发挥非谓语动词的实用功能。

4.两节课对高三语法复习的启示

在新课标背景下,语法仍旧是必教科目,但如何教才能提高教学效率是个值得深入探讨的问题(杨成,2009)。通过对两节复习课的对比分析,笔者发现:

4.1导入活动要激发兴趣。

语法教学本身就是比较枯燥的,再者高三的语法教学是高一高二的提升,因此语法课的导入设计能否直接吸引学生的注意力直接影响教学效果。教师应尽量让学生感知所学语法的使用语境,激发学生探求这一语法规则的欲望。

4.2以学生为主体的语法教学。

根据新课程标准中提出“以学生为主体”的教学理念,教师在语法教学过程中应抛弃过去那种以讲解与传授为主,死记硬背语法条文、机械套用基本句型的教学模式,采用以学生为主体的发现探究、实践运用、自主学习,以及合作学习等新的教学理念和方法,将语法教学与听说读写等各项技能的培养融为一体,根据不同的教学内容、不同的教学目标,以及最新的高考考试说明采用不同的语法教学模式。

4.3创造语言输出机会,培养语感。

在语法复习过程中,教师应创造语言输出机会,让学生对语言知识进行内化。学生在语言输出过程中通过不断纠正错误,才能完善对语法规则的认识和理解。DeKeyser(1998)提出,注重语言输出的学习任务有助于学习者掌握接触过的语言形式。语言输出为英语学习者提供了表达语言和获得反馈的机会。把注意力集中在自己的语言输出上,学习者能发现自己的语言输出与目标语之间的差异,发现自己的不足之处。因此教师要重视让学生进行角色扮演,根据提供的语境设计对话或完成书面表达等语言输出活动。

5.结语

通过“同课异构“教研活动的开展,教师可以扬长避短,相互借鉴勇于创新,从兴趣和已有水平出发,设计出高效的高三语法复习课。