安徽竹亚科苦竹属植物的分类修订
2012-07-30赖广辉
赖广辉
(安徽省广德县林业局,安徽 广德242200)
1 苦竹属分类概况
苦竹属Pleioblastus Nakai是产于东亚的特有竹属,有关它的分类位置,目前竹子研究者仍然是见仁见智,看法不同。一些学者主张保留这一属名[1-6];有些学者则将它并入青篱竹属Arundinaria Michaux,其下的竹种或全部转入[7-14],或强调只将日本所产的竹种并入,而将中国所产的竹种另行处理[15]。由于各家所持的见解多是基于一般形态学之上,究竟哪种更为合理,目前尚无定论。鉴于这种情况,为了不致于造成学名的更多变动,笔者采用前种意见,仍使用这一属名来处理有关的竹种。该属的中文名业已改称大明竹属,主要因为其后选模式种被一些学者确定为大大明竹属,主要因为其后选模式种被一些学者确定为大明竹 Pleioblastus gramineus(Bean) Nakai之故[3,4,16],笔者认为这不过是一种误解。诚然,Nakai[17]在发表这一属名时并未指定模式种,这给后人的研究工作带来一些困难。实际上,该属的后选模式种应为 P.communis(Makino) Nakai( =P.chino(Franch.et Savat.) Makino),因为后来 Koidzumi[18]在该属之下建立束丛组Sect.Medakea时,既未明确选定大明竹P.gramineus(Bean)Nakai作为属的模式种,也未直接指定它作为该组的模式种,仅仅是将它列在该组之下Ser.Dolicholigulae的第1位而已,但这种安排并不能表明该种就是该属的模式种,中国部分学者[3-4]的理解似乎有误,因而只能采用最早由McClure[19]所选定的 P.communis(Makino)Nakai(=P.chino(Franch.et Savat.) Makino)作为后选模式。至于Tsvelev[20],Murata[21]分别选定 P.simonii(Carr.) Nakai,P.hindsii(Munro)Nakai以及陈守良等[4,16]和耿伯介[3]所提出的P.gramineus(Bean)Nakai作为后选模式显然都不符合《国际植物命名法规》。由于该属的模式种已经更改,故仍沿用“苦竹属”作该属的中文名称。
按照目前部分学者所持的苦竹属概念和范畴,该属竹种主产于日本,在中国则多分布于长江中下游地区[4]。尽管安徽不是其主产区,但也分布有数种苦竹属植物。由于以往调查采集不全,对安徽所产的这类竹种知之不多,甚至还有错误。《安徽植物志:第5卷》[22]中虽收录了4种,其中菲白竹Pleioblastus fortunei(van Houtte)Nakai属于引种栽培而非原产(该种曾移入赤竹属Sasa Makino et Shibata[23],但浙江省安吉竹种园中栽植的菲白竹竹丛2004-2005年开花,为真花序,小花具3枚雄蕊,仍应放在该属[24]);虽然此后不久在安徽境内采到了衢县苦竹P.juxianensis Wen et al.的可靠标本,但当时是由于标本的误定而错收[25],该志实际上只收录了苦竹P.amarus(Keng)Keng f.和斑苦竹P.maculatus(McClure)C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao 2 种。其后笔者等曾作过一些增补和修订[25-26],但后来又有新的发现并被不断报道[27-30],据新近统计,记载于该属之下的安徽所产种类已达12种2变种1变型,然而有些报道多有不实之处,使得已经记录的安徽省所产该属植物的种类和种数与实际不符,因此,很有必要对此进行系统整理。笔者在广泛调查和标本考证的基础上,试图来完成这一工作。本研究的对象主要涉及安徽所产苦竹属野生种类,不包括安徽竹类植物园及其他公园近年引入栽培的该属竹种。
2 分种检索表
1.秆箨无箨耳和鞘口繸毛,或仅有极小的箨耳和少数鞘口繸毛;叶鞘口部无叶耳和繸毛
2.箨鞘背部无油光,无或有褐色斑点,常有蜡粉和小刚 毛 ………………… 苦竹Pleioblastus amarus
2.箨鞘背部有油光和褐色斑点,但无蜡粉和小刚 毛 ……………………………… 斑苦竹P.maculatus
1.秆箨有明显的箨耳和鞘口繸毛;叶鞘口部有叶耳和繸毛
3.箨鞘近先端在幼笋上膨胀,不紧包笋体,背部近无毛;箨耳卵状突起,上举;箨舌先端截形至微凹 ………………………………………………………………………………… 衢县苦竹P.juxianensis
3.箨鞘近先端紧包笋体不膨大,背部有密集刚毛;箨耳镰刀状伸出,近横卧;箨舌先端截形至中部拱凸
4.幼秆节间无毛;箨环连同箨鞘基部有棕色刚毛,几不脱落;箨鞘边缘无纤毛;叶片背面无毛或仅基部有 毛 ………………………………………………………………… 仙居苦竹P.hsienchuensis
4.幼秆节间生有密集的小刚毛;箨环及箨鞘基部初有棕色刚毛,不久变无毛;箨鞘边缘有棕色纤毛;叶片背面有短柔 毛 ……………………………………………………… 光节苦竹P.glabrinodus
3 分类群记述
3.1 苦竹
Pleioblastus amarus(Keng)Keng f.,Techn.Bull.Nat’l.For.Res.Bur.China No.8:14.1948.——Arundinaria amara Keng,Sinensia6(2):148,f.2.1935.Type:China.Zhejiang,Hangzhou,back of the Lingyin Temple,collected under the shade by a tomb,1935-05-02,Keng&Yang 2947(holotype,N) .
Arundinaria varia Keng,Sinensia6(2):150,f.3,1935.——Pleioblastus varius(Keng)Keng f.,Techn.Bull.Nat’l.For.Res.Bur.China No.8:14.1948.——Indocalamus varius(Keng)Keng f.,Clav.Gen.Sp.Gram.Prim.Sin.152.1957.Type:China.Zhejiang,Hangzhou,West Lake,Keling,1931-06-16,K.K.Tsoong(?) 116(Accession No.363)(holotype,Herbarium of the Laboratory of Biology,College of Agriculture,the National University of Chekiang).
安徽:舒城县,晓天,1979-05-10,采集人不详632(AAUF,安徽农业大学林学与园林学院树木标本室);霍山县,磨子潭,1997-06-25,赖广辉97227(GDFI,安徽省广德县林业科学研究所竹类标本室);潜山县,马祖庵,1984-04-28,陶芳明8431(AAUF);广德县,双河,1991-06-05,赖广辉91190(GDFI);宁国市,宁墩,1988-05-01,采集人不详125(AAUF);泾县,浙溪,1996-06-16,赖广辉等96040(GDFI);旌德县,旌阳,1982-06-06,方淼松等82139(AAUF);青阳县,九华山,1979-05-10,采集人不详,无号(枝叶部分,AAUF);东至县,查桥,1997-05-12,赖广辉97107(GDFI);石台县,珂田,1982-06-29,方淼松等82210(AAUF);黄山区太平县,新华,1982-06-12,杜克勤等82171(AAUF);黄山风景区,迴龙桥,1979-05-04,采集人不详1058(AAUF);绩溪县,尚田,1992-05-04,赵昌恒等92048(AAUF);歙县,清凉峰,1990-05-06,黄成林90030(AAUF);屯溪区,郊区,1997-06-05,赖广辉97190(GDFI);休宁县,1959-11-17,张传琪 无号(AAUF);黟县,渔亭,1997-04-30,赖广辉97043(GDFI);祁门县,闪里,杜克勤等82080(AAUF)。
3.2 斑苦竹
Pleioblastus maculatus(McClure) C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao,Acta Phytotax.Sin.18(1):31.1980.——Sinobambusa maculata McClure,Lingnan Univ.Sci.Bull.No.9:64.1940.——Arundinaria maculata(McClure)H.Y.Zou,Shaowu Bamb.98.1989,nom.illeg.non Hackel,1903.——A.chinensis C.S.Chao et G.Y.Yang,Journ.Bamb.Res.13(1):13.1994.Type:China.Guangxi,Quanxian,Shanquan,“occurring wild in dense thickets in moist,loamy slope”,1937-07-23,McClure 20573(holotype,US) .
Pleioblastus kwangsiensis W.Y.Hsiung et C.S.Chao,Acta Phytotax.Sin.18(1):32,f.5.1980.Type:China.Guangxi,Nandan,W.Y.Hsiung&C.S.Chao 77521(holotype,NF) .
Pleioblastus longitubus S.C.Li et al.,Anhui Linye Keji No.2:4.1980,nom.nud.
Pleioblastus oleosus Wen,Journ.Bamb.Res.1(1):24,pl.3.1982,syn.nov.Type:China.Fujian,Anxi,Taozhou,Huzixiang,T.H.Wen et al.81523(holotype,ZJFI) .
Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.var.tubatus Wen,Bull.Bot.Res.3(1):93,f.2.1983,syn.nov.Type:China.Zhejiang,Fuyang,Kengxi,T.H.Wen 62527(holotype,ZJFI) .
Pleioblastus maculatus(McClure) C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao var.longitubus S.C.Li et Z.M.Wu,Journ.Anhui Agr.Coll.No.4:10.1987.Type:China.Anhui,Jinzhai,alt.400 m,1980-06-24,Z.M.Wu 20663(holotype,AAUF) .
Pleioblastus longinternodius B.M.Yang,Bamb.Res.8(2):1,f.1.1989,syn.nov.Type:China.Hunan,Liuyang,Daweishan,alt.900 m,1988-06-30,B.M.Yang 769244(holotype,HNNU) .
Pleioblastus longispiculatus B.M.Yang,Nat.Sci.Journ.Hunan Norm.Univ.9(3):3,f.2.1989.——Polyanthus longispiculatus(B.M.Yang) C.H.Hu,Journ.Bamb.Res.10(3):29.1991.Type:China.Hunan,Changsha,1982-04-08,B.M.Yang 06472(holotype,HNNU) .
安徽:金寨县,斑竹园,1979-04-29,采集人不详617(AAUF);潜山县,水吼,1997-05-20,赖广辉97140(GDFI);太湖县,城西佛子岭,1993-05-04,潘利等93033(AAUF);南陵县,三里,1997-05-24,赖广辉97144(GDFI);宣州区,水东,1996-06-20,赖广辉96110(GDFI);广德县,卢村,1991-06-07,赖广辉 91183(GDFI); 绩溪县,临溪,1995-06-01,赖广辉等 95135(GDFI)。
斑苦竹为一广布种,形态变异较大。油苦竹Pleioblastus oleosus Wen的模式标本(温太辉等81523)和胖苦竹P.amarus(Keng)Keng f.var.tubatus Wen的模式标本(温太辉62527)均采自较小的竹笋和竹株,秆箨常带绿色,背面仅有油光而无斑点,但笔者调查中发现,同一竹丛中较细小的竹笋通常无斑点,而较粗大的竹笋往往生有较密集的褐色斑点;斑苦竹在地立条件良好的生境中常能长得高大通直,秆中部节间颇长,甚至可达80 cm,因此长节苦竹P.longinternodius B.M.Yang所拥有的特征也在它的形态变异幅度之内,故减为异名。笔者等[25]曾报道安徽广德县产有胖苦竹,后经实地考察和再次鉴定确认,所引凭证标本实际上就是斑苦竹。
3.3 衢县苦竹
Pleioblastus juxianensis Wen,C.Y.Yao et S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):409,f.6.1983.——P.hsienchuensis Wen var.juxianensis(Wen et al.)S.L.Chen ex Q.F.Zheng,福建竹类150,f.2-10.1988.Type:China.Zhejiang,Quxian,1977-05-18,S.Y.Chen et al.79065(holotype,HHBC).
Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.var.subglabratus S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):411.1983,syn.nov.——Arundinaria hsienchuensis(Wen)C.S.Chao et G.Y.Yang var.subglabrata(S.Y.Chen)C.S.Chao et G.Y.Yang,Journ.Bamb.Res.13(1):17.1994,syn.nov.Type:Chian.Zhejiang,Quxian,S.Y.Chen 79064(holotype,HHBC) .
安徽:潜山县,杜埠,1997-05-19,赖广辉97131(GDFI);岳西县,天堂,1997-05-18,赖广辉97126(GDFI);广德县,新杭,1990-06-07,赖广辉等90033(GDFI);宣州区,溪口,1994-05-18,赖广辉94052(GDFI);宁国市,梅林,1993-07-11,赖广辉93244(GDFI);泾县,蔡村,1993-05-23,赖广辉93131(GDFI);青阳县,九华山,1997-05-09,赖广辉97086(GDFI);石台县,占大,1997-06-12,赖广辉97202(GDFI);绩溪县,北村,1995-05-30,赖广辉等95121(GDFI);黄山风景区,浮溪,1997-06-14,赖广辉97212(GDFI);歙县,清凉峰自然保护区,1990-05-06,黄成林等90035(枝叶部分,AAUF);黟县,渔亭,1997-04-30,赖广辉 97038(GDFI)。
衢县苦竹的模式(陈绍云等79065)与光箨苦竹Pleioblastus amarus(Keng)Keng f.var.subglabratus S.Y.Chen的模式(陈绍云79064)系连号标本,为同一日期采自于浙江省龙游县溪口镇2个相距不远的地点。因前者采于生长正常的竹丛,笋及枝叶发育良好,形态特征较为稳定;后者可能采于发育不良的竹丛,秆箨较小,末级小枝上生有较大的叶片。笔者在野外调查中发现,衢县苦竹秆中上部秆箨背面通常无毛或近无毛,仅基部生有较密的刚毛或有时亦无毛,与光箨苦竹的秆箨几无区别,其叶片的大小也随着环境的不同而有所变化,阴凉生境下或细秆上的小枝常生有较大的叶片,因此笔者赞同将光箨苦竹并入衢县苦竹[12],但同时认为衢县苦竹在笋体形态、秆箨毛被和箨舌形状方面明显不同于仙居苦竹P.hsienchuensis Wen,应是一个独立的竹种,不宜将它作为后者的变种处理。黄成林等[2]、何云核等[30]报道,安徽绩溪县产有光箨苦竹,据对凭证标本的进一步考证,实为生长不良的斑苦竹P.maculatus(McClure) C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao。
3.4 仙居苦竹
Pleioblastus hsienchuensis Wen,Bull.Bot.Res.3(1):92,f.1.1983.——Arundinaria hsienchuensis(Wen) C.S.Chao et G.Y.Yang,Journ.Bamb.Res.13(1):17.1994.Type:China.Zhejiang,Xianju,S.D.Yu 80519(holotype,ZJFI) .
安徽:旌德县,版书,1995-05-22,赖广辉等95058(GDFI);祁门县,祁丰,1982-05-25,杜克勤等 82073(AAUF)。
3.5 光节苦竹 新种 图1
Pleioblastus glabrinodus G.H.Lai,sp.nov.Fig.1
Affinis P.yixingensi S.L.Chen et S.Y.Chen et P.hsienchuensi Wen,ab illo culmis novellis dense hispidulis,internodiis culmorum longioribus,cicatrice cum basi vaginae culmi primo brunneo-hispida mox glabrescenti,vaginis culmorum in vivo prope apicem margine non desiccatis,laminis foliorum angustioribus longioribusque differt;ab hoc culmis novellis dense hispidulis,cicatrice cum basi vaginae culmi primo brunneo-hispida mox glabrescenti,vaginis culmorum margine brunneo-ciliatis,laminis foliorum subtus puberulis recedit.
Culms 5.0-6.5 m tall and 20-39 mm in diameter,young ones green,copiously pruinous and hispidulous,sheath scars primarily hairy with brown bristles but soon glabrescent;old ones yellowish-green and with suberose residual at the sheath scars;internodes 20-44 cm long,cylindric,not sulcate nor flattened along the branch-bearing side,with(3-) 5-7 branches at each node.Culm sheaths shorter than internodes,deciduous,green tinted with brown and not desiccative at the margin of apex when fresh,densely hairy with rubiginous bristles on the back(in the upper part of the culm usually sparsely hairy or subglabrous),with brown cilia at the margin,and with brown bristles at the base but the base soon glabrescent; auricles smaller,brevifalcate,prostrate,tinted with purple,fringed with crinkly setae at the margin;ligules 2-3 mm tall,pruinous,the apex truncate or slightly convex in the middle and fringed with minute cilia or subglabrous;blades lanearlanceolate,erect.Branches and twigs 2-4-foliate.Leaf sheath glabrous;auricles slightly developed,minimal or inconspicuous; oral setae slightly curving,radiated or absent; ligules about 2 mm long,pruinous;leaf blades 10-16 cm × 1.2-2.0 cm,puberulous on the lower surface;lateral nerves 6-7-paired,transverse veins slightly obvious.Raceme bearing 1-4 spikelets,arising from the inferior nodes of branchlet,subtended basally by a deciduous bigger bract;pedicel 2-3-noded,glabrous,tightly clothed inferiorly with upward gradually amplifying,imbricate 4-8 bracts.Spikelet 4-8-flowered,more or less compressed,2-5 cm long,green or sometimes purple-colored,pruinose;pedicel slender,4-10 mm long,glabrous,slightly crisped-flexed;rhachilla 4-6 mm long,glabrous,clothed with lemma,superiorly incrassate,cupulate,flattened along flower-bearing side; glumes 2-3,upward gradually amplifying,green when fresh,dorsally glabrous and pruinose,the first small,squamiform,acuminate at the apex,the second obviously bigger than the first,pungent at the apex,the third usually similar to lemma but a little smaller or sometimes absent; lemma ovatelanceolate,chartaceous,green and purple-coloring at the apex when fresh,10-13 mm long,9-11-nerved,not tessellate,glabrous ,more pruinose,long-acuminate and mucronate at the apex;palea thin-chartaceous,usually a little longer than the lemma,obtuse and integer with cilia at the apex,dorsally 2-keeled,above villose at the keels,subglabrous but more pruinose between the keels; lodicules 3,membranaceous,narrowly ovate,ciliate along the margin;stamens 3,anthers yellowish and slightly tinted with green and purple,4-5 mm long,filaments seperate; ovary narrowly ovate,about 2 mm long,glabrous,style 1,short,stigmas 3,plumose.Fruit not found.Shoot developed in May and June.Flower bloomed in May.
图1 光节苦竹(1.秆的一段;2.秆节和分枝;3.小枝和叶;4.笋;5.秆箨的上部;6.秆箨基部;7.花枝;8.小穗和小花;9.模式标本)Figure 1 Pleioblastus glabrinodus G.H.Lai(1.a part of culm; 2.culm’s node and branches; 3.branchlets with leaves; 4.bamboo shoots; 5.upper part of culm-sheath,showing its auricules and ligule; 6.base of culm-sheath; 7.flowering branchlets; 8.spikelets and flowers; 9.type specimen)
This species is similar to P.yixingensis S.L.Chen et S.Y.Chen and P.hsienchuensis Wen,but is different from the former in having young culms densely hispidulous,with longer internodes,sheath scar and base of culm sheath primarily hairy with brown bristles but soon glabrescent,culm sheaths not desiccative at the margin of apex when fresh,and leaf blades narrower and longer;from the latter in having young culms densely hispidulous,sheath scar and base of culm sheath primarily hairy with brown bristles but soon glabrescent,culm sheath brown ciliate at the margin,leaf blades puberulous on the lower surface.
China.Anhui(安徽):Xiuning(休宁),Lingnan(岭南),in thicket at the lower part of hillside,1997-06-06,G.H.Lai(赖广辉) 97197(holotype,AAUF);Guangde(广德),Hengshan National Forest Park(横山国家森林公园),Anhui Bamboo Garden(安徽竹类植物园),under cultivation,2006-05-16,G.H.Lai 06002(GDFI) .
该种由笔者1999年7月从其模式标本产地引入安徽竹类植物园(位于广德县横山国家森林公园内)栽培(栽培编号为99-007),通过10余年精心管护,现已满园成林,据近年持续观察,上述性状十分稳定。
4 可疑分布类群的讨论
4.1 高舌苦竹
Pleioblastus altiligulatus S.L.Chen et S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):407,f.3.1983.
高舌苦竹曾被并入苦竹Pleioblastus amarus(Keng)Keng f.[12],但也有学者仍将其作为独立的竹种看待[6]。关传友[29]曾报道安徽大别山区岳西县产有该种,笔者在安徽农业大学林学与园林学院见到1份采自该县海拔1 200 m的鹞落坪并被鉴定为该种的标本(童效平01095),因只有枝叶而无秆箨,所定名称的可靠性值得怀疑,现场考察所知,此地并无苦竹属植物的分布。
4.2 花秆苦竹
Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.f.huangshanensis C.L.Huang,Journ.Bamb.Res.15(3):14,f.1.1996.
花秆苦竹原发表时作为苦竹Pleioblastus amarus(Keng)Keng f.的一个变型[28]。笔者曾分别于1997年5月和1998年6月的出笋期间前往模式标本采集地安徽黄山风景区浮溪一带考察,发现这里仅分布有衢县苦竹P.juxianensis Wen et al.而无苦竹,更未见到节间分枝一侧具黄条纹的苦竹类型。其模式标本黄成林等940137号(AAUF)采自1994年2月28日,此时竹笋尚未出土(苦竹属竹种在本地一般4月下旬才开始出笋),命名者在提供的图版中所绘制的竹笋不知从何而来。其后笔者又数次前往AAUF查考,均未见到其模式标本。目前仍无法判断其真实性,故存疑。
4.3 华丝竹
Pleioblastus intermedius S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):408,f.5.1983.
宣城市宣州区金坝林场早年自浙江引入栽培的华丝竹[25]几年前已经开花,竹林全部衰败死亡并灭绝。笔者在调查中既未发现该省其他地方有引种栽培,也未发现有野生的踪迹,该种在安徽实际上已无分布。
4.4 硬头苦竹
Pleioblastus longifimbriatus S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):411,f.7.1983.
硬头苦竹已并入晾衫竹 Sinobambusa intermedia McClure[12,31]。黄成林等[27]曾报道皖南绩溪县产有该种[27]。笔者查看过有关的凭证标本,发现系短穗竹Brachystachyum densiflorum(Rendle)Keng之误定。迄今为止,尚未发现安徽有该种分布的任何证据。
4.5 实心苦竹
Pleioblastus solidus S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):411,f.8.1983.
何云核等[30]报道皖西太湖产有该种。笔者曾查看过所引凭证标本并作了实地调查,发现尽管其竹秆节间为实心,但在分枝一侧达其长度的2/3扁平,且箨环上无木栓质残留物,叶片较狭,叶舌及箨舌均无白粉,与真正的实心苦竹相差甚远,很有可能属于短穗竹属Brachystachyum Keng的竹种,因此,安徽无本种的分布。
4.6 宜兴苦竹
Pleioblastus yixingensis S.L.Chen et S.Y.Chen,Acta Phytotax.Sin.21(4):411,f.9.1983.
黄成林等[27],何云核等[30]曾报道皖南绩溪县产有该种。笔者查看过有关的凭证标本,发现皆系短穗竹Brachystachyum densiflorum(Rendle)Keng之误定。笔者曾在与该种原产地江苏宜兴市毗邻的安徽广德县、郎溪县、宣州区、宁国市等地作过多次考察,试图发现该种,结果均一无所获,证实安徽并无该种分布。
致谢:承蒙南京林业大学丁雨龙教授和浙江省安吉县林业局张培新教授级高级工程师提供帮助,安徽农业大学吴泽民教授、黄成林教授、梁淑云女士为查阅标本提供方便,浙江农林大学和安徽省宣城市人事局给予部分资助。谨此一并致谢。
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