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从理雅各英译《论语》看使役概念的翻译策略

2012-04-12芳,申

关键词:雅各被动句式

吕 芳,申 霞

(山西大同大学外国语学院,山西 大同 037009;河北师范大学外国语学院,河北 石家庄 050024)

从理雅各英译《论语》看使役概念的翻译策略

吕 芳,申 霞

(山西大同大学外国语学院,山西 大同 037009;河北师范大学外国语学院,河北 石家庄 050024)

认知语言学认为,使役概念表达是指人们对客观世界中典型使役事件的临摹或概念化。不同的语言学家对其有不同的理解,但大致将其分为词汇使役和句型使役。理雅各英译本《论语》中,采用多种翻译策略,如词汇使役、被动句式,位移-使役句式,双及物句式等来丰富使役表达的多样性。

使役概念;使役结构;词汇使役

一、国内外研究现状

认知语言学认为使役概念表达是指人们对客观世界中典型使役事件的临摹或概念化。而不同的学者对此有不同的理解。Comrie将使役分为三种类型,分别是词汇使役,形态使役和句型使役。如:He surprises me.这一句型中,surprise为使役词,即词汇使役,也称作零位使役。这样的使役词汇很多,像“awake,balance,bend,break,burn,capsize,change,chill,close,collapse,crack,crumble”等等。

Comrie将形态使役定义为非使役词通过形态变化(即加词缀的方式或词性转化的方式)成为使役词汇。这样的词缀包括“in-,inter-,de-,en-/em-,dis-,counter-,-ize,-en-,-fy,-ate",如:inflame,interlace,derail,enable,embarrass,dispirit,flatten,identify,isolate,modernize等词。另外通过词性转化形成的使役词包含有"plague,wrinkle,bog,light,cause,perfect,dapple,corrupt”,这类词数量并不多,因此,有的语言学家也将形态使役归为词汇使役范畴。

语言学家Shibatani也曾从功能角度出发提出使役词汇是指具有“使动”和“结果”概念的单一的句法表达,且这两个概念都包含于一个单一的动词中,如:kill,sink,move,melt,break,turn,dilate,hit,merge,daze,fidget,souse,daunt,grate,baffle,flush,strike,convert,deprive and afflict等等。

Kemmer and verhagen曾将使役结构定义为句型使役,他们认为在句型使役中包含有使役及结果的双重表达,主要动词表达“使役”的概念,而次要动词表达“结果”概念。例如下列句式:

a.I made him work.

b.The teacher caused Tom to go home.

Goldberg则从结构语法出发将使役分为使移句式(Caused-motion Construction),如“She put a book on the table”;双及物句式 (Ditransitive Construction),如“She put a book on the table”;结果句式(Resultative Constuction),如“John broke the window”;位移-使役结构(transfer-caused-motion construction),如“He sent a present to Tom”等。

我国学者也从功能及认知角度对使役概念进行了深入细致的研究工作。项开喜分析了四种不同的使役结构:兼语式(Object-subject Construction),连动式(Successive Predicate Construction),动补式( Verb-Complement Construction)及被动句(Passive Sentence),他也分析了使令动词如“使,让,叫”。邓守信也对汉语中‘使’‘让’‘叫’等使役动词进行了研究,且将其归为“主语+使役动词+主动词”的句法结构,如:“老师叫我打扫教室”。熊仲儒则将使役表达范畴扩大化,将致使位移句式、致使-转移-位移句式、双及物句式、结果句式、重动句,“得”字句、“把”字句、动结式与格句及双宾语归为使役概念范畴。

从国内外学者的研究中,我们可以总结出英汉语言中对使役概念的表达大致分为两种,一为词汇使役,二为结构使役,也即句型使役。下面我们将以理雅各《论语》英译本来探讨汉语中表达使役概念的语句,英语译者在其翻译过程中如何处理,并应用什么样的翻译技巧。

二、《论语》英译本中使役概念表达的翻译策略

《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一,语录体散文,集中体现了孔子的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。《论语》共二十篇,12000字。理雅各作为近代英国第一位著名汉学家,他是第一个系统研究、翻译中国古代经典著作的人,也是儒莲翻译奖的第一个获得者,因此其《论语》译本是最具权威性的译本之一,我们将其作为语料研究对象。本文将《论语》原本中的使役表达概念分为两种分别进行阐述,一为词汇使役,将其细分为名词、动词、形容词使役;二为使役结构,即句型使役。针对原本《论语》的使役表达概念,我们将对理雅各《论语》英译本进行深入分析,从而总结使役概念表达在译文中应用的策略。

(一)词汇使役 熊学亮曾指出,汉语中词汇使役多出现于古汉语中,其主要特点为将相关语素使役化,一般为单一语素自身的使役,如“死”(cause to die),“广”(make wide),“活”(make alive)等等。在古汉语中,一部分名词、及物动词、不及物动词及形容词都可以在其形式不改变的前提下作使役动词,有些学者将其称为“自动词”。如下面的句式:

a.·

域民不以封疆之界。(使……定居)

b.广故数言欲亡,·忿恚尉。(使……发怒)c.大王必欲·急臣,臣头今与璧俱碎于柱矣(急:使……急)

随着时代的推移,单一语素的使役词汇在现代汉语中渐渐淡出历史舞台,转而演变为多语素词汇的出现,如:

a.他的整只胳膊暴露在太阳下面。(Transitive verbs as Lexical Causative)

b.他的行为真恶心。(Adjective as Lexical Causative)

c.这一赛事活跃了我们的文化生活。(Adjective as Lexical Causative)

1.名词使役词

《论语》原本中表达使役概念的名词有5个,分别为“道“”齐“”丧“”食”“宿”。在理雅各的译本中,他将这5个词分别处理为:

(1)词汇使役句式(lexical causatives),如:

a.颜渊死,子曰“:噫!天丧予!天丧予!”(11.9)

When Yen Yiian died,the Master said,“Alas!Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me”.

b.一言而丧邦,有诸(13.15)

Isthereasinglesentencewhichcanruinacountry?

c.止子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之。(18.7)

The old man kept Tsze-lu to pass the night in his house,killed a fowl,prepared millet,and feasted him.

在这三个句式中,理雅各分别将“丧”“食”处理为使役动词“destroy“”ruin”“feast”。

(2)被动句式(passive voice),如:

a.道之以政,齐之以刑,民免而无耻。(2.3)

If the people be led by laws,and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments,they will try to avoid the punishment,but have no sense of shame.

在这一句式中,译者用被动句式“be led by laws”“be given them by punishments”将原文中的表达使役概念的名词以被动句转化为使役表达,而被动句也为使役句型的一种。

(3)句法使役(Periphrastic causatives),如:

a.饭疏食,没齿无怨言。(14.9)

the city of Pien,who did not utter a murmuring word,though,to the end of his life,he had only coarse rice to eat.

b.止子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之。(18.7)

The old man kept Tsze-lu to pass the night in his house,killed a fowl,prepared millet,and feasted him.

在这两句话中,译者使用句法使役的方式将“食”“宿”翻译为“had only coarse rice to eat”和“kept Tsze-lu to pass”。前者为“使”“让”“叫”句法使役结构,后者为位移-使役句式。

2.动词使役词

动词使役词在《论语》原本中共有21个,分别为“省“”见“”居“”宿“”食“”降“”躩”“匡“”守“”来“”退”“进“”达“”劳“”鸣“”信“”安“”怀“”辱“”纵“”继“”任”“食“”正“”立”。在理雅各的译本中,体现词汇使役的句子有28个,体现“使“”让“”叫”使役结构的有9个,体现被动句表达使役的有2个,体现结构使役的有3个,我们将举其中一部分例子来说明。

(1)词汇使役(lexical causatives),如:

a.夫仁者,己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人。(6.30)

Now the man of perfect virtue,wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others;wishing to be enlarged himself,he seeks also to enlarge others

b.固天纵之将圣,又多能也。(9.6)

Certainly Heaven has endowed him unlimitedly.He isaboutasage.And,moreover,hisabilityisvarious.

c.能正其身,如正人何?(13.12)

If he cannot rectify himself,what has he to do with rectifying others?

d.君子易事而难说也。说之不以道,不说也(.13.25)

The Master said,"The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please.If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right,he will not be pleased.

译者将使役动词“立”“达”“纵”“正”“说”分别译为“establish”“enlarge”“endow”“rectify”“please”,很形象贴切的还原了原词的意义。

(2)“使“”让“”叫”使役结构(jianyushi)

a.君子可逝也,不可陷也。(6.26)

A superior man may be made to go to the well,but he cannot be made to go down into it.

Talmy认为这一句型内含三部分范畴,一为“致使”(cause)范畴,包含的词有cause,stimulate,get,make,set and force,二为“能使”(enable)范畴,包含的词为 leave,let,permit,enable,help,and allow,三为“阻止”(prevent)范畴,包含的词有prevent,protect,restrain,block,stop,hold,keep,impede and hinder。

(3)句法使役(Periphrastic causatives),如:

a.由也兼人,故退·之。(11.20)

Yu has more than his own share of energy;therefore I kept him back。

在这一句型中,还包含有双及物使役句型,如“君子惠而不费,劳而不怨。”(20.2)译为“When the person in authority is beneficent without great expenditure;when he lays tasks on the people without their repining”;位移-使役句式如“知及之,任不能守·之,”(15.33)译为“When a man's knowledge is sufficient to attain,and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold”。

(4)被动句(passive voice),如:

a.子曰“:近者悦,远者来。”(13.16)

The Master said,“Good government obtains when those who are near are made happy,and those who are far off are attracted.”

3.形容词使役词

形容词使役词在《论语》原本中共有18个,分别为“洁“”正“”博 “”利“”善“”欺“”罔“”迷 “”危“”安”“修“”寡“”足“”乱“”悦 “” 兴”“ 富“”卑”“敝“” 惑 ”,在理雅各的译本中出现了23个词汇使役句式,如:人洁己以进,与其洁也,不保其往也。(7.29)被翻译为“If a man purify himself to wait upon me,I receive him so purified,without guaranteeing his past conduct”;被动句式表达使役的有3个,如:可欺·也,不可罔也。(6.26)译为“He may be imposed upon,but he cannot be befooled”;而“一言而可以兴·邦,有诸?”(13.15)则被译为“使”“让”“叫”使役句式,如:Whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous;位移-使役句式的有“修·己以安人”(14.42)译为“He cultivates himself so as to give rest to others”。

(二)句型使役 《论语》原本中包含有30个句型使役的表达,在理雅各的译本中将其分别译为下面几种形式:

1.词汇使役句式包含有9个,如:

a.子曰“:雍也可使南面。”(6.1)

The Master said,“There is Yung! He might occupy the place of a prince.”

b.君子正·其衣冠(20.2)

He adjusts his clothes and cap.

2.“使”“让”“叫”结构使役有 11 个,如:周人以栗,曰使民以栗。(3.21)翻译为:The men of the Chau planted the chestnut tree,meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe

3.位移-致使句式,如:a.蘧伯玉使人于孔子。(14.25) 译 为 :Chii Po-yii sent a messenger with friendly inquiries to Confucius

4.被动句式包含有6个,如:求也,千室之邑,百乘之家,可使为之宰也,不知其仁也。(5.8)译为:In a city of a thousand families,or a clan of a hundred chariots,Ch'iu might be employed as governor,but I do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous.

三、结语

通过对《论语》的语料分析我们可以得出这样的结论,对于汉语中表达使役概念的词及句式,英语译者会采用多种翻译策略,如:词汇使役,被动句式,位移-使役句式,双及物句式,“使”“让”“叫”等结构,丰富使役表达的多样性。在这一翻译过程中,我们还可以看到英语比汉语更多的采用形态变化即加词缀的方式或词性转化的方式来实现词汇使役。

[1]James Legge.D.D.The Four Books with English Translation and Notes[M].北京:商务印书馆,1861.

[2]熊仲儒.现代汉语中的致使句式[M].合肥:安徽大学出版社,2004.

[3]Comrie,B.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1981.

[4]Shibatani,M.The Grammar of Causative Constructions:Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation[M].Berkeley:University of California press,1976.

[5]Kemmer,S.and A.Verhagen.The Grammar of Causatives and the Conceptual Structure of Events[J].Cognitive Linguistics,1998(5):115-165.

[6]Goldberg,A.E.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1995.

[7]Talmy,L.Lexicalization Patterns:Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms[C].In Timothy Shopen(ed.)Typology and Syntactic Description,Vol.3.(pp.47-76)Cambridge:Cambridge University press,1985.

[8]邓守信.汉语使成式的语义[J].国外语言学,1991(3):120-126.

[9]吕 芳.英汉使役词汇化模式下的译者思维差异[J].山西大同大学学报(社会科学版),2010(2):71-74.

[10]熊学亮,梁晓波.论典型致使结构的英汉表达异同[J].外语教学与研究,2004(2):76-80.

Translation Strategies of Causation Expressions Seen in"Analects of Confucius"Translated by James Legge

Lǔ FANG,SHEN Xia
(School of Foreign Languages,Shanxi Datong University,Datong Shanxi,037009;School of Foreign Languages,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang Hebei,050024)

Causation expression is human being's imitation and generalization of typological causation event in the real world from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.But different linguistics have different ideas about it,which generally is divided into lexical causative and periphrastic causative.The thesis borrows previous research results to introduce causation into Analects of Confucius which was translated by James Legg.Then readers can see adept translation strategies of James.By the way,this research is also expected to shed great lights on C-E translation and also provides enlightenment to foreign language teaching.

causation;periphrastic causative;lexical causative

H315.9

A

1674-0882(2012)03-0064-04

2011-12-24

吕 芳(1978-),女,山西左云人,硕士,讲师,研究方向:英汉对比翻译。

〔责任编辑 冯喜梅〕

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