意外胆囊癌的临床诊断和治疗分析
2011-12-08王志忠吴海滨
王志忠,刘 伟,吴海滨
(延安市人民医院普外科,陕西 延安 716000)
意外胆囊癌的临床诊断和治疗分析
王志忠,刘 伟,吴海滨
(延安市人民医院普外科,陕西 延安 716000)
目的探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断和治疗。方法对我院2001-05~2010-05间12例意外胆囊癌的患者资料进行回顾性分析。结果术前诊断慢性结石性胆囊炎症7例,急性结石性胆囊炎症3例,胆囊息肉2例。开腹胆囊切除术1例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术11例。术中冷冻切片证实胆囊癌3例,术后病理确诊9例。行单纯胆囊切除10例,胆囊癌根治术3例,7例二期行胆囊癌根治术。结论意外胆囊癌术前诊断困难,重视高危因素、术中对可疑病例行快速冷冻切片检查是意外胆囊癌能及时诊断的重要条件。而尽快实施手术治疗,并力求根治性切除是其治疗原则。手术治疗是胆囊癌最有效的治疗手段,早期发现、合理治疗为提高胆囊癌患者生存质量的有效措施。
意外胆囊肿瘤;诊断;手术治疗
胆囊癌早期几无症状,或被胆囊炎或其它消化道疾病症状所掩盖,体检时也无特殊体征,实验室检查及器械检查也多无特异性异常。故其早期诊断十分困难,发现时多属晚期。因胆囊良性疾病行胆囊切除术术中或术后偶然病理发现的胆囊癌称意外胆囊癌(unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma UGC),随着腹腔镜胆囊切除术数量增大,意外胆囊癌的数量也逐渐增加,其早期根治切除率也随之增加[1-2],本文总结了我院从2001-05~2010-12共收治12例意外胆囊癌的诊治经验,报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本组12例,男4例,女8例,年龄33~72岁。中位年龄62岁。术前诊断慢性结石性胆囊炎症7例,急性结石性胆囊炎症3例,胆囊息肉2例。开腹胆囊切除术1例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术11例。术中冷冻切片证实胆囊癌3例,术后病理确诊9例。行单纯胆囊切除10例,胆囊癌根治术3例,7例二期行胆囊癌根治术。病史4月~26年,平均12.9年,术前全部行B超检查,均未提示胆囊癌。术前肝功检查大致正常,12例术前均未查CEA及CA19-9。
1.2 方法
均在全麻下行胆囊切除术,其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术11例,开腹胆囊切除术1例,术中快速冰冻病理检查提示胆囊癌3例,立即行根治性切除术。9例经术后病理证实,7例在术后1~2周内行根治性切除术。1例病理Nevin分期Ⅰ期,未再次手术,1例至上级医院治疗。
2 结果
2.1 病理结果及分型
本组12例中,腺癌11例,印戒细胞癌1例。根据Nevin分期:NevinⅠ期1例,NevinⅡ期4例,NevinⅢ期6例,NevinⅣ期1例。
2.2 治疗结果
术后成功随访8例。其中3例存活已超过3年,目前仍健在。2例存活1~3年,存活1年以内3例,4例失访。
3 讨论
胆囊癌病因不明,早期多无特异性症状,或被胆囊炎或消化道其它疾病所掩盖,B超、CT、MRCP等检查常常很难发现或诊断,虽然CEA、CA19-9等肿瘤相关抗原检查有一定的提示性意义,但因其特异性不高,故也不能作为早期胆囊癌的诊断标准。而意外胆囊癌的及时诊断及治疗为胆囊癌的早期发现和治疗提供了一种可能。如能在术前怀疑,术中重视,必要时及时行术中快速冰冻病理检查,如术中确诊,则及时手术,可避免术后再次手术的痛苦和对病情的延误。故术前对存在胆囊癌的高发因素的患者如①55岁以上的中老年患者;②有较长时间的胆道病史;③腹痛症状由间断性变为持续性;④胆囊内多发结石、大结石(直径>2.5 cm)、胆囊颈部结石;⑤胆囊呈萎缩、局部增厚、钙化;⑥直径>1 cm的胆囊息肉;⑦胆囊腺肌增生症;⑧胆胰管汇合畸形的患者应高度重视[3]。术中取出胆囊标本后,应常规剖开检视,如有可疑之处,应及时送快速冰冻检查。
意外胆囊癌治疗原则和术前确诊的胆囊癌相同。Darabos[2]等认为意外胆囊癌较术前确诊胆囊癌的病理分期整体较早,恶性程度相对较低,所以早期根治切除率高,预后相对较好。有人认为[4]胆囊早期癌且位于前壁者,若无周围脏器侵犯,不论是否侵及全层,仅行单纯胆囊切除,不必行区域淋巴结清扫及肝脏楔形切除。近年研究表明[5],由于胆囊壁淋巴管丰富,胆囊癌可有早期淋巴转移,对于位于胆囊颈或胆囊管的癌肿,由于其邻近胆囊三角,故较早出现上述淋巴结转移,并且早期发生肝脏转移也不少见,因而尽管是早期患者,亦有根治性切除的必要。扩大根治手术可能是需要的,扩大根治术的困难往往并不在于肿瘤局部侵犯器官的切除难度,而在于受累淋巴结的彻底性清扫,对已有淋巴结广泛转移或远处器官转移的,根治性手术意义不大,有条件的可选择姑息性切除手术。所以我们认为在行胆囊切除术中,对高度怀疑胆囊癌的患者行术中冷冻病理检查,为术中第一时间确诊并决定进一步手术提供依据,能改善意外胆囊癌患者的预后。若术中未诊断而系术后确诊的意外胆囊癌应尽快实施手术治疗,并力求根治切除。
[1]Antonakis P,Alexakis N,Mylonaki D, et al. Incidental finding of gallbladder carcinoma det ected during or after laparoscopic cholecyst ectomy[J].Eur J Surg Oncol , 2003, 29(4) : 358-360.
[2]Darabos N, Stane R.Gallbladder cancer: laparoscopic and classic cholecyst ectomy[J].Surg Endosc, 2004, 18(1) : 144-147.
[3]黄志强,黄小强,宋青.黄志强胆道外科手术学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2010,251.
[4]马向东,吕孝鹏,松涛,等.意外胆囊癌临床分析[J].肝胆外科杂志,2007,13(4):228-229.
[5]石景森.原发性胆囊癌的诊治讲展[J].中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(4):8-10.
Diagnosisandtreatmentofunsuspectedgallbladdercarcinoma(UGC)
WANGZhi-zhong,LIUWei,WUHai-bin
(Department of General Surgery,People's Hospital of Yanan, Yanan 716000)
ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnosis and treatment of unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma.MethodsThe clinical data of 12 patients with unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma treated in our hospital from May 2001 to May 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.Results12 cases were found unsuspectedly by operation, of which 1 were found in open holecystectomy and 11 in laparoscopic cholecystectomy although 7 cases were diagnosed as chronic calculus cholecystitis, 3 cases diagnosed as acute calculus cholecystitis,2 cases diagnosed as pure chocystolithiasis and 3 cases diagnosed as gallpolyp before operation.3 cases were confirmed as gallbladder carcinoma by frozen section examination during operation And 9 cases pathological examination after operation.9 cases
pure cholecystectomy, 3 cases received radical resection immediately and 7 underwent second resection.ConclusionIt is difficult to diagnose unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma before operation.High risk factors valued and frozen section examination should be performed for suspected lesions, which contribute a lot to the diagnosis of unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma. Radical resection should be performed immediately once the diagnosis is confirmed. Surgery is the primary therapeutic method for unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma early finding and reasonable therapy are important for enhancing the survival of patients with unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma.
unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma(UGC); diagnosis; surgical treatment
R657.4
A
1672-2639(2011)03-0022-02
2011-05-10;责任编辑赵菊梅]