塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇沉积特征及有利含油相带分析
2011-09-28苗长盛刘招君方石张革张君龙胡菲孙晓娟
苗长盛,刘招君,2,方石,2,张革,张君龙,胡菲,孙晓娟
(1.吉林大学地球科学学院,吉林长春130061;2.油页岩实验中心,吉林长春130061;3.大庆油田有限责任公司勘探开发研究院,黑龙江大庆163712)
塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇沉积特征及有利含油相带分析
苗长盛1,刘招君1,2,方石1,2,张革3,张君龙3,胡菲1,孙晓娟1
(1.吉林大学地球科学学院,吉林长春130061;2.油页岩实验中心,吉林长春130061;3.大庆油田有限责任公司勘探开发研究院,黑龙江大庆163712)
综合利用地震、测井、岩心等资料,对塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇的沉积特征、展布、演化及有利含油相带进行研究。结果表明:本区近岸水下扇可识别出3种亚相、4种微相,不同相带间沉积特征差异显著;近岸水下扇集中发育于凹陷东部控盆断裂的下降盘,在多期扇体叠置连片下,形成了东南、东北两套扇裙,其展布、演化具有“南北各自连片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特点,但受控盆断裂幕式活动和东南、东北物源供给差异的影响,东南扇群的发展和消亡均略早于东北扇群;中扇辫状沟道储层物性及含油气性最好,主要发育中低孔储层,但不同位置及埋深储层渗透率差异较大,很难形成大面积连片的优质储层,因此本区近岸水下扇沉积主要发育个体规模相对较小却数量众多的岩性油气藏和构造-岩性复合油气藏。
塔南凹陷;南屯组;近岸水下扇;沉积特征;展布演化特征;有利含油相带
塔木察格盆地位于蒙古国东部,向北延伸进入中国与海拉尔盆地相接,与其统称为海拉尔—塔木察格盆地。塔南凹陷是塔木察格盆地的次级构造单元,主体面积约3000 km2,为一受北东、北东东向基底大断裂控制形成的东断西超箕状凹陷,在多个三级构造单元的划分下形成了“三凹四带”的构造格局。下白垩统南屯组沉积期,塔南凹陷处于快速沉降阶段,控盆断裂的剧烈活动及“山高水深”的古地理背景,为近岸水下扇的大量发育创造了条件[1-3]。南屯组近岸水下扇沉积单井累积厚度可达900 m,且已钻获工业油流,因此笔者在综合分析近岸水下扇沉积特征的基础上,对其展布演化过程及有利含油相带的特征进行研究。
1 近岸水下扇沉积特征
近岸水下扇是指发育在断陷湖盆陡坡带断层下降盘一侧,以重力流为搬运机制并呈楔形体插入深水湖泊沉积中的重要含油气扇形体[4]。沉积环境、搬运机制及沉积作用的特殊性,使近岸水下扇在沉积特征及含油特征方面明显区别于其他湖泊砂体[4-7]。笔者利用地震、测井及岩心资料对其沉积特征进行综合分析,并参考国内外前人相关研究成果[1,8-18],将其划分为内扇、中扇、外扇3种沉积亚相和4种沉积微相。
近岸水下扇内扇主要紧贴基岩断面发育,在地震剖面上表现为中强振幅断续杂乱反射(图1)。根据岩电特征,内扇亚相可进一步细分为主沟道和主沟道外两个微相。主沟道微相是内扇沉积的主体,电性显示为中高幅齿化箱形、齿中线平行或微下倾(图2),主要由混杂堆积砾岩和杂基支撑的杂色、灰色砂砾岩组成(图3(a)),砾石成分复杂多样、颗粒长轴粒径为2~90 mm,偶见块状层理或反粒序(图3(b)),常见正粒序(图3(c)),底部多具冲刷面(图3(d))。岩石结构成熟度极低,砾石多呈次棱角状,常含有砾状、条带状泥质撕裂块及大小不等的漂砾(图3(d),(e)),反映了内扇沉积过程中物源充足、高能快速堆积的特征。主沟道外微相是搬运过程中溢出主沟道的沉积组分,电性特征为中低幅指状、齿中线平行(图2),主要由含砂、砾暗色泥岩组成,粒度上明显细于主沟道,岩石成分成熟度、结构成熟度极低,常见滑塌构造及不规则状砂砾质团块(图3(f))。
图1 塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇地震反射特征剖面Fig.1 Profile of seismic reflection characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tanan depression
中扇亚相紧邻内扇发育,在地震剖面上以中振幅断续亚平行反射为特征(图1),且可进一步细分为辫状沟道微相和沟道间微相。其中,辫状沟道微相为中扇沉积的主体,电性特征为中幅指状或齿化箱形、齿中线平行或上倾(图2),主要由杂砂岩和含砾中、细砂岩组成,成分成熟度较低、结构成熟度中等,局部含有泥质撕裂块及泥质漂砾,泥质撕裂块多呈明显的棱角状,而泥质漂砾则因受挤压而通常显得较为圆滑(图3(g))。辫状沟道主要发育块状层理、包卷层理、正粒序及递变层理,底部多具冲刷面(图3(h)),可见微同沉积断层(图3(i))、震裂缝、碎屑脉(图3(j))、重荷模及火焰构造。沟道间微相粒度偏细,电性显示为低幅齿状、齿中线平行(图2),以砾质、泥质粉细砂岩与暗色泥岩互层沉积为主,整体上成分成熟度和结构成熟度低,发育鲍马序列(图3(k))及砂球构造(图3(l)),同样可见液化成因的碎屑脉,但碎屑脉规模及粒度明显小于辫状沟道沉积。
外扇亚相位于近岸水下扇的最外缘,与深水沉积相邻,地震剖面上表现为较连续的弱反射(图1),电性特征为低幅齿化曲线(图2),反映沉积环境的水动力条件相对较弱。岩性方面表现为近岸水下扇与深水沉积的过渡,主要为粉砂岩与暗色粉砂质泥岩互层沉积,偶夹不规则状细砂岩或中、粗砂岩团块,砂岩层累积厚度不超过整体厚度的8%,且向深水沉积方向砂岩层厚度减薄、层数减少,整体上成分成熟度、结构成熟度较低,可见多期鲍马序列叠加、砂球构造(图3(m))及碟状构造(图3(n))。
图2 塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇岩电特征Fig.2 Rock-electrical characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tanan depression
图3 塔南凹陷近岸水下扇沉积特征模式Fig.3 Model of sedimentary characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Tanan depression
2 近岸水下扇展布演化特征
近岸水下扇沉积与相邻的半深湖、深湖泥岩沉积波阻抗差异明显,因而地震属性、砂岩厚度反演均对其几何形态和展布特征具有较好的反映。因此,研究中主要参考地震属性反演图、砂岩厚度反演图、泥岩颜色分区图,以钻井实测数据及钻井取心为约束,结合物源分析和构造沉降分析结果,对南屯组沉积期近岸水下扇的展布和演化进行恢复。
南屯组近岸水下扇集中发育于凹陷东部控盆断裂的下降盘,沿控盆断裂方向在盆地东南、东北部形成了两套相对独立的扇裙,在展布和演化方面具有“南北各自连片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特点(图4、5)。但受控盆断裂幕式活动和东南、东北物源供给差异的影响,东南扇群的发展和消亡均要略早于东北扇群。为了实现精细刻画的目的,研究中将南屯组沉积期细分为早、中、晚3个阶段,并对不同阶段东南、东北扇群的展布演化特征分别进行论述。
南屯组沉积早期,塔南凹陷整体开始快速沉降且沉降中心位于盆地东南部,在构造的频繁活动与东南物源的近源快速供给作用下,重力流搬运作用频频发生,多期近岸水下扇的超覆叠置使东南扇裙迅速形成并在短时间内发展到较大规模;同时,凹陷东北部地区构造活动相对较弱、沉降幅度相对较小,受控于重力流触发机制,东北扇裙的形成速度及发育规模要明显小于东南扇裙,形成了“南强北弱”的近岸水下扇展布格局(图4、5)。
图4 塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇演化Fig.4 Evolution of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
图5 塔南凹陷南屯组近岸水下扇沉积剖面Fig.5 Sedimentary profile of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
南屯组沉积中期,受沉降中心北移影响,东南扇裙发育速度明显降低,扇裙边缘逐渐向控盆断裂方向退缩,导致该时期末东南扇裙规模要略小于南屯组沉积早期;同期,东北扇裙则进入了快速发育阶段,扇裙规模不断扩大并向盆地深水区迅速推进,在凹陷东北部形成了厚度巨大的近岸水下扇沉积,使早期“南强北弱”的近岸水下扇展布格局逐渐转变为“北强南弱”(图4、5)。
南屯组沉积晚期,塔南凹陷构造运动逐渐减弱,盆地沉降中心逐渐由北向西迁移,此时东南部构造活动的趋于静止使得东南扇群向盆地边缘迅速萎缩,并最终完全消失;不同于东南扇群的是,东北扇群在该阶段前期存在着一个短暂的扩张过程(图5),东北扇群规模迅速增大之后才开始逐渐萎缩,且萎缩速度要明显低于东南扇群,致使在该阶段末东北扇群仍在小范围内有所发育(图4、5)。
3 近岸水下扇有利含油相带分析
近岸水下扇主要呈楔形体发育于半深湖、深湖环境,其上下通常伴生发育厚层暗色泥岩,成藏条件十分有利[8]。但是,近岸水下扇不同相带储集物性存在差异[19-20],并非所有相带均可形成有效储层,为此笔者对南屯组近岸水下扇不同相带的物性及含油气性进行初步分析和对比。
物性分析采用了272块样品的孔渗测试数据,样品范围覆盖了南屯组近岸水下扇的各主要相带,参考1995年《中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准》对近岸水下扇不同相带的储层物性进行了分析。结果显示,近岸水下扇各相带储层物性差异明显,且同一相带内非均质性较强(图6)。主沟道数据投点集中在孔渗坐标系的A区,以特低孔特低渗
图6 近岸水下扇各相带物性变化Fig.6 Physical property changes in various kind of facies belts of near-shore subaqueous fan
储层最为发育,仅在局部可见中、低孔渗储层,物性一般且整体连通性较差;辫状沟道物性数据主要分布于B区,以发育中、低孔储层为主,但不同位置及埋深储层渗透率差异较大,虽是近岸水下扇最为有利的储集相带,却很难形成大面积连片的优质储层;辫状沟道间及外扇数据集中于C区,两者物性特征较为相似,孔隙度与渗透率普遍较低,不利于形成有效储层。
此外,利用已有试油数据对不同相带的含油气性进行对比,发现目前已钻遇油流主要分布于辫状沟道微相之中,少数见于主沟道微相。受控于近岸水下扇各相带储层较强的非均质性,油藏单个规模相对较小,但整体上数量较多,相邻油藏之间的油气产量往往差别较大,油藏类型则以透镜状岩性油气藏与上倾尖灭岩性油气藏为主,局部紧邻断层处可见构造-岩性复合油气藏(图7)。
图7 塔南凹陷南屯近岸水下扇油藏剖面Fig.7 Oil reservoir profile of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
4 结论
(1)塔南凹陷近岸水下扇沉积可进一步识别出内扇、中扇、外扇3种沉积亚相及4种微相,不同相带间沉积特征差异显著。
(2)南屯组沉积期,近岸水下扇集中发育于凹陷东部控盆断裂的下降盘,在多期扇体的叠置连片下形成了东南、东北两大套扇裙。整体上,其展布和演化具有“南北各自连片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特点,但受控盆断裂幕式活动和东南、东北物源供给差异的影响,东南扇群的发展和消亡均要略早于东北扇群。
(3)近岸水下扇中扇辫状沟道的储层物性最好,主要发育中低孔储层,但不同位置及埋深储层渗透率差异较大,虽是近岸水下扇最为有利的储集相带却很难形成大面积连片的优质储层。因此,本区近岸水下扇沉积主要发育个体相对较小却数量众多的岩性油气藏和构造-岩性复合油气藏。
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(编辑 徐会永)
Sedimentary characteristics and favorable oil-bearing facies belts analysis of near-shore subaqueous fan of Nantun formation in Tanan depression
MIAO Chang-sheng1,LIU Zhao-jun1,2,FANG Shi1,2,ZHANG Ge3,ZHANG Jun-long3,HU Fei1,SUN Xiao-juan1
(1.College of Earth Science,Jilin University,Changchun 130061,China;2.Oil Shale Laboratory Center,Changchun 130061,China;3.Exploration and Development Research Institute,Daqing Oilfield Company Limited,Daqing 163712,China)
The sedimentary characteristics,distribution,evolution and favorable oil-bearing facies belts of near-shore subaqueous fan of Nantun formation in Tanan depression were studied through the integrated utilization of data of seismology,
well-logging and core.The results show that three kinds of sub-facies and four kinds of microfacies can be identified in nearshore subaqueous fan,and the different facies belts show obvious distinctions in sedimentary characteristics.The development of near-shore subaqueous fan concentrated at the downthrown side of the basin controlling fault in the east part of the depression.The overlaying of multistage near-shore subaqueous fan sediments formed two fan aprons which are characterized by"southeast and northeast each contiguous,flourish at first while decline at last"at the southeast and northeast part of the area.Owning to episodic activities of the basin controlling fault and the distinctions between the sources from southeast and northeast respectively,the southeast fan aprons are a little earlier than the northeast ones in the time of the formation and the decline of the fan aprons.The physical property of braided channels of middle fan sub-facies of near-shore subaqueous fan is the best,and the reservoirs with low-middle permeability developed.The reservoir porosity of different places and burial depths shows a great discrepancy,therefore it is hard that the reservoirs formed a large joint area and high-quality ones.The study area mainly developed lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs and structural-lithologic composite hydrocarbon reservoirs whoseindividual scale is small but quantities are numerous.
Tanna depression;Nantun formation;near-shore subaqueous fan;sedimentary characteristics;characteristics of distribution and evolution;favorable oil-bearing facies belts
TE 121.3;TE 122.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2011.01.006
2010-06-20
国家科技重大专项课题(2008ZX05018-001-004);吉林大学创新团队建设项目(201004001)
苗长盛(1982-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,博士研究生,主要从事沉积学、石油地质学方面的研究。
1673-5005(2011)01-0034-06