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世界主要深水含油气盆地烃源岩特征

2011-01-09范玉海屈红军张功成冯杨伟关利群

海相油气地质 2011年2期
关键词:陆架干酪根海相

范玉海,屈红军,张功成,冯杨伟,关利群,雷 露

(1西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室,地质学系;2中国海洋石油研究中心)

世界主要深水含油气盆地烃源岩特征

范玉海1,屈红军1,张功成2,冯杨伟1,关利群1,雷 露1

(1西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室,地质学系;2中国海洋石油研究中心)

对墨西哥湾、巴西东部大陆边缘、西非被动大陆边缘、澳大利亚西北陆架、挪威中部陆架、南海等六个地区的22个深水含油气盆地烃源岩特征(主力烃源岩形成的时代、构造背景、沉积环境、类型、地球学化指标等)的综合研究结果表明,世界深水含油气盆地主力烃源岩主要集中在白垩系,其次为第三系和侏罗系;裂谷期烃源岩占绝对优势,其次为被动陆缘期;沉积环境以湖相和海陆过渡相为主,其次为海相。墨西哥湾、巴西东部大陆边缘和非洲西海岸的烃源岩以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根为主,澳大利亚西北陆架、挪威中部陆架和南海的烃源岩以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根为主。

全世界;深水盆地;含油气盆地;烃源岩特征;沉积相;成熟度指标

随着技术的进步和能源需求的增长以及陆上和浅海老油区新发现难度的增大,世界深水盆地成了近几十年来勘探的重点区域[1-3],尤其是在巴西坎波斯(Campos)盆地发现了Albacora、Marlim等大型油气田以后,深水勘探更是不断升温,如今已成为世界上最热的勘探领域[4-8]。据 USGS和国际能源机构估计,全球深水盆地潜在石油储量可能超过(1 000~1 500)×108bbl[9]。目前,全球有 60 多个国家进行深水油气勘探,累计发现的石油地质储量超过250×108bbl,天然气达到 160×108bbl油当量[10-11],所探明油气主要分布在墨西哥湾、巴西东部边缘、非洲西海岸、澳大利亚西北陆架、挪威中部陆架及南海的深水盆地中[4,7,12-13](图1)。

图1 世界主要深水含油气盆地位置图[6]

烃源岩好坏直接决定生烃强度、烃源丰富程度即烃源供给条件的优劣[14]。因此,归纳总结世界主要深水含油气盆地烃源岩形成的时代、构造背景、沉积环境、类型、地球化学指标等特征及其分布规律,对下一步深水盆地油气勘探具有一定的借鉴意义。

1 深水盆地烃源岩的特征

在大量调研资料的基础上,本文对墨西哥湾、巴西东部大陆边缘(坎波斯盆地、桑托斯盆地)、西非被动大陆边缘(阿尤恩-塔尔法亚盆地、塞内加尔盆地、尼日尔三角洲盆地、木尼河盆地(Rio Muni Basin)、加蓬盆地、下刚果盆地、宽扎盆地、纳米比亚盆地、西南非盆地)、澳大利亚西北陆架(卡那封盆地、布劳斯盆地、波拿巴盆地)、挪威中部陆架、南海(珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、文莱—沙巴盆地、北巴拉望盆地、曾母盆地、万安盆地)的主要烃源岩特征进行了综合分析(表1),归纳总结这些深水含油气盆地中主力烃源岩形成的时代、构造背景、沉积环境、类型、地球化学指标及成熟度等特征,并探讨其分布规律。

2 深水盆地烃源岩的分布时代

经大量的资料分析发现,世界主要深水含油气盆地的烃源岩从志留纪到第三纪都有分布,但主要集中在白垩纪,其次为第三纪和侏罗纪,侏罗纪之前的地层中烃源岩的生烃潜力较差(图2,表1)。

图2 世界深水含油气盆地主力烃源岩分布时代

墨西哥湾烃源岩从侏罗纪到第三纪都有分布,上侏罗统烃源岩被认为是最重要的烃源岩[15-17,21-22];巴西坎波斯及桑托斯盆地的烃源岩主要为下白垩统Lagoa Feia组页岩[4,28](表1);西非的绝大部分油气来自下白垩统盐下湖相页岩和盐上上白垩统―第三系海相页岩(表1),其中以下白垩统的烃源岩为主[4,30,32,36,40];澳大利亚西北陆架的烃源岩时跨整个中生代(表1),下—中侏罗统海相、海陆交互相碳质泥岩和煤系为主要烃源岩[42-43,45,47];挪威中部大陆边缘盆地中的烃源岩为早侏罗世的海陆过渡相煤及页岩和晚侏罗世的海相页岩(表1),主要为晚侏罗世海相页岩[55,61,63];南海的烃源岩主要为第三纪页岩,从始新世到中新世都有分布[64-65,68,70,74](表1)。

3 深水盆地烃源岩的构造背景

离散大陆边缘盆地的发育一般都经历前裂谷期(裂前期)、裂谷期(裂陷期)以及被动陆缘期(热沉降期或漂移期)三个大的构造演化阶段。世界深水含油气盆地的烃源岩在各个构造演化阶段均有分布,其中裂谷期占绝对优势,其次为被动陆缘期(图3,表1)。

墨西哥湾盆地烃源岩全部为被动陆缘期的海相页岩[15-18,22-23];巴西东部大陆边缘盆地烃源岩主要为裂谷期湖相页岩,局部地区发育被动陆缘期的海相页岩[25,27-29];西非的绝大部分油气来自裂谷期盐下湖相页岩,其次为被动陆缘期盐上上白垩统—第三系早期海相页岩[30,33-37];澳大利亚西北大陆架含油气盆地主要的烃源岩为裂谷期下—中侏罗统海相、海陆交互相碳质泥岩和煤系,其次为被动陆缘期白垩系海相泥页岩[42,44,46-51];挪威中部陆架主要烃源岩位于裂谷期[52,54];南海主要烃源岩为裂谷期海陆过渡相泥岩,但在南海南部北巴拉望盆地、万安盆地及曾母盆地也发育被动陆缘期的海相泥页岩[64,66-74]。

图3 世界深水含油气盆地主力烃源岩形成时的构造背景

4 深水盆地烃源岩的沉积相类型

世界深水含油气盆地的烃源岩发育海陆过渡相、海相和湖相三种沉积相类型,其中以湖相和海陆过渡相为主,其次为海相(图4,表1)。

表1 世界深水含油气盆地主要烃源岩特征(据文献[4,15―73])

墨西哥湾盆地烃源岩几乎都为海相页岩[15-17,19-23];巴西东部大陆边缘盆地烃源岩主要为湖相页岩[24-26,27-29];西非的绝大部分油气来自盐下湖相页岩,北部的阿尤恩—塔尔法亚盆地、塞内加尔盆地、尼日尔三角洲盆地发育盐上海相页岩[30-32,35-39]。澳大利亚西北大陆架主要的烃源岩为海相页岩,局部发育湖相泥页岩[42-44,46-54];挪威中部陆架盆地主要烃源岩为海相页岩,也发育海陆过渡相的泥页岩及煤层[53,56-60];南海主要烃源岩为裂谷期海陆过渡相泥岩及煤层,也发育少量的湖相或海相泥页岩[64-69]。

图4 世界深水含油气盆地主力烃源岩沉积相类型

5 深水盆地烃源岩的类型、地球化学指标

不同沉积环境形成的烃源岩,其干酪根类型不同。生油为主的Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根和生气为主的Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根在世界深水盆地中都有分布(图5,表1),其中Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根数量较多。

墨西哥湾、巴西东部大陆边缘和非洲西海岸的烃源岩以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根为主[15-23,25,27,30-36]。澳大利亚西北大陆架、挪威中部陆架和南海的烃源岩以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根为主[42-44,46,48,55-57,59-63,65-69]。

图5 世界深水含油气盆地主力烃源岩干酪根类型

墨西哥湾主要烃源岩为上侏罗统的海相钙质页岩、灰质泥岩,TOC达1%~2%,Ⅰ—Ⅱ型,为富氢油源岩[15-17,21]。

巴西东部盆地湖相黑色钙质页岩生油岩遍及整个盆地,TOC一般为2.0%~6.0%,最高达9.0%,HI最高达900mg/g,干酪根为I型,它们于始新世进入生油窗,至今仍处于生油窗之内[28]。

西非木尼河及其南部盆地主要为湖相页岩,Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根,TOC值1%~5.9%;尼日尔三角洲及其北部盆地主要为海相页岩,II—III型干酪根,TOC值 3%~10%[30-41]。

澳大利亚西北陆架被动陆缘深水盆地的主力烃源岩为中生界海陆交互相碳质泥页岩与煤系和海相泥岩,生气为主,生油次之,干酪根类型为Ⅱ或Ⅲ型[54]。

挪威中部陆架烃源岩以晚侏罗世海相泥页岩为主,具有高放射性,TOC为5%~8%,是一套富油的烃源岩[55],干酪根类型为Ⅱ或Ⅲ型[63]。

南海各沉积盆地主要发育始新统湖相泥岩、渐新统滨岸沼泽相煤系和中新统海相泥岩、碳质泥岩等3套烃源岩。始新统湖相泥岩有机碳含量在1.5%~2.0%之间,母质类型以Ⅱ1型干酪根为主;渐新统滨岸沼泽相煤系地层中泥岩、碳质泥岩的有机碳含量在1.0%~2.0%之间,以Ⅱ2型干酪根为主,煤层有机碳含量高达80%,平均为23.18%,主要为Ⅲ型干酪根,以生气为主;中新统浅海—半深海相泥页岩有机碳平均为0.5%~0.7%,主要为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根[40-50]。

6 认识及结论

(1)世界深水主要含油气盆地烃源岩从志留系到第三系都有分布,但主要集中在白垩系,其次为第三系和侏罗系,侏罗纪之前的地层中烃源岩的生烃潜力较差;

(2)世界深水含油气盆地的烃源岩在各个构造演化阶段均有分布,其中裂谷期占绝对优势,其次为被动陆缘期;

(3)世界深水含油气盆地的烃源岩发育海陆过渡相、海相、湖相三种沉积相类型,其中以湖相和海陆过渡相为主,其次为海相;墨西哥湾、巴西东部大陆边缘和非洲西海岸的烃源岩以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根为主,澳大利亚西北大陆架、挪威中部陆架和南海的烃源岩以Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根为主。

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Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in Major Deepwater Petroliferous Basins in the World

Fan Yuhai,Qu Hongjun,Zhang Gongcheng,Feng Yangwei,Guan Liqun,Lei Lu

Characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks of 22 major deepwater petroliferous basins in the world are researched and analyzed.The characteristics involve with formation geologic ages,tectonic settings,sedimentary environments and kerogen types as well as geochemical indexes.These basins distribute in the Gulf of Mexico,the eastern continental margin of Brazil,the passive continental margin of West African,the Northwest Shelf of Australia,the continental shelf of Mid-Norway and South China Sea.The comprehensively analysis indicates that the principal source rocks in these basins are mainly Cretaceous and subordinately are Tertiary and Jurassic in geological ages.They dominantly formed in rift stages and next in passive continental margin stage in tectonic settings,and mainly were lacustrine and transitional facies and following marine facies in Sedimentary environment.The kerogen commonly are TypeⅠand TypeⅡin Gulf of Mexico,the eastern continental margin of Brazil,the passive continental margin of West African but TypeⅡand TypeⅢ in the Northwest Shelf of Australia,the continental shelf of Mid-Norway and South China Sea.

Source rock characteristics;Deepwater basin;Oil and gas basin;Sedimentary facies;Maturity index

TE112.113

A

10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2011.02.004

1672-9854(2011)-02-0027-07

2010-06-24;改回日期:2010-11-27

本文为国家科技重大专项“南海深水区油气勘探关键技术”(编号2008ZX05025-06)基金项目

范玉海:1983年生,现为西北大学矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业在读硕士研究生。通讯地址:710069陕西省西安市太白北路229号西北大学地质学系

金顺爱

Fan Yuhai:male,Master student.Add:Geology Department of Northwest University,Xi'an,Shannxi,710069 China

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