用“句子结构分析法”帮助解答高考试题

孙 琦

纵观历年高考试题,有很多题考查句子结构,我们应通过一些典型题目总结解题思路和方法。“句子结构分析法”是指用语法知识分析题干的句子结构,弄清句子成分,进而找到考点,理解考查内容,帮助选出正确答案。这种方法有助于解答考查非谓语动词、特殊句式以及从句类的一些题目。

一、用“句子结构分析法”解答非谓语动词类试题

典例分析

(一) to do 不定式作目的状语

1. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year,reduce unemployment pressures. (2009江苏卷)

A. helpB. to have helped

C. to helpD. having helped

2. All of them try to use the power of the workstation______information in a more effective way.(2009 北京卷)

A. presentingB. presented

C. being presented D. to present

分析:以上两题都考查to do 不定式作状语表示目的。

(二) v-ing 分词

1. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school._______the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad. (2009 江苏卷)

A. AttendB. To attend

C. AttendingD. Having attended

分析:现在分词短语作表语前置,使句子平衡。

2. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board. (2009 上海卷)

A. killed B. killing

C. killsD. to kill

分析:v-ing形式作状语表示结果,所以选B。

3. I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. (2009 陕西卷)

A. to take B. to be taken

C. takingD. being taken

分析:remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时,可以用v-ing形式表示动作已经完成,用动词不定式,表示动作还未发生。根据后文的saw可知,此处非谓语动词动作已经完成,且与逻辑主语是被动关系,所以用v-ing的被动式,选D。

4. The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. (2009 江西卷)

A. forcedB. forcing

C. to be forced D. having forced

分析:用v-ing 形式作后置定语,修饰new laws,相当于定语从句which force…,所以选B。

(三) 过去分词

1. Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. (2009湖南卷)

A. being tired B. tiring

C. tired D. to be tired

分析:本题考查省略句和过去分词。在if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句中是“if+主语+be”的形式,且从句和主句的主语一致,则从句中的主语和be都可省略,从句的完整形式应为“if I am not tired from work”所选C。

2. Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions?(2009全国卷1)

A. taking B. take

C. takenD. to take

分析:本题考查过去分词作定语。因为take 和decisions 为动宾关系,因此用过去分词表示被动。

二、 用“句子结构分析法”解答特殊句式类试题

典例分析

1. —Where did you get to know her?

—It was on the farm_______we worked. (2007山东卷)

A.thatB.there

C.which D.where

分析:如不对语境进行分析,有的考生会误选A项,误认为是考查强调句。应注意题干中所给的句子是一个不完整的句子,补充完整后应该是It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. where引导定语从句,修饰farm,因此选D。

2. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away _____.

A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief

C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief

分析:本题考察全部倒装。逗号之前的是-ing分词作状语,后面的主句必须有谓语动词;表示方位的副词位于句首要用全部倒装,即主谓完全颠倒,因此选D。

3. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only_______, but students became more interested in the lessons. (2009海南宁夏卷)