高中生常常混淆的英语语法知识
2009-05-22张建云
张建云
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四种。名词性从句是高中学生必学的重要英语语法之一,也是历年高考的重要内容。在学名词性从句时,学生经常为What和that 在句中的用法而困惑。下面是我在教学实践中对这一知识的总结,供同学们参考:
What和that 都可以引导名词性从句。但他们在句子中的语法功能截然不同。
一、在引导名词性从句时,从属连词that一般要注意三个不(three nos):
1.不省略(no ellipsis)
当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,that不省略。例如:
1) There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006
年天津 14)
A. that B. which C. until D. if
解析:正确答案是A. that引导同位语从句, 具体说明chance的内容。That只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何成分,也不可以省略。
2) The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us
do so. (2007年上海 40)
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
解析:正确答案是D. that引导表语从句,that不可省略 它在句中起连接作用,不作任何成分。
3) The news ______ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays
newspaper. (2008春季上海 33)
A. which B. whether C. whatD. that
解析:正确答案是D.that引导同位语从句,具体说明The news的内容。that引导名词
性从句时,在从句中只起连接作用,不作任何成分,也不可省略。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。which引导名词性从句时,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,意思是“哪一个”。
但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略,但that在下列两种情况下,that在宾语从句中不省。
(1)在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that 从句(真正宾语) 的句型中that不省略。例如:
4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. (that不可以省略)
他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。
(2) 由连词and连接的两个由that引导 的宾语从句中, 第一个宾语从句中的that可以省
略,而第二个宾语从句前的that不省略。
5) Having checked the doors were closed, and _______all the lights were off, the boy opened
the door to his bedroom. (2007年湖南 28)
A. why B. that C. whenD. where
解析:正确答案是B. that 引导宾语从句,在从句中起连接作用,不作任何成分,常被省略。但当谓语动词后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略。故选B.
2.不作成分(no component)
that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分。例如:
6) One advantage of playing the guitar is ______it can give you a great deal of pleasure. (2006年上海,35)
A. how B. why C. that D. when
解析:正确答案是C. that 引导表语从句,在表语从句中起连接作用,不作任何成分。
7) A warm thought suddenly came to me ______I might use the pocket money to buy some
flowers for my mothers birthday. (2006年安徽 29)
A. ifB. when C.that D.which
解析:正确答案是C,that在句中引导同位语从句,具体说明thought的内容,that在从句中只起连接作用,不作任何成分。
3.没词义(no Chinese meaning)
that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意义。例如:
8) (2006年湖南,34)With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat,
feeling pleased _______ he was a man of action.
A. which B. thatC. whatD. whether
解析:正确答案是B. feeling pleased 后接that 引导的宾语从句,that 在从句中起连接作用,不作任何成分,也无词汇意义。
9) Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______he had to meet his
uncle at the air-port. (2006年重庆 34)
A. whyB. that C. whereD. because
解析:正确答案是B. that在句中引导同位语从句,具体说明reason的内容,that在从句中只起连接作用,在句中没有汉语意义)
二、在引导名词性从句时,What一般要注意一个不(one no),一个有(meaning),一个作(component):
1.不省略
what 引导名词性从句时,what 在句中不省略。that 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that也不可以省略,但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略。例如:
10) ______he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007年上海 39)
A. ThatB. What C. WhetherD. Where
解析:正确答案是B. What 。 What 在句中引导主语从句,同时在从句中作referred to 的宾语。What在句中不省略。That在引导主语从句中时,在从句中只起连接作用,不作任何成分。
11) ______we are sure about is the need to prevent children form being spoiled. (2008年春
季上海 40)
A. What B. Which C. WhetherD. That
解析:正确答案是A. What 。 What 在句中引导主语从句,同时在从句中作介词about的宾语。What在句中不省略。That在引导名词性从句中时,在从句中只起连接作用,不作任何成分。
2.有词义
what 引导名词性从句时有词义,意思是“--的东西/事情/话”,这一用法与that 用法不一样。例如:
12) Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. (2007年江苏 25)
A. whatB. whyC. how D. whether
解析:正确答案是A. what,what 在句中引导宾语从句,what在从句中作for的宾语,意思是“……的事情或什么”。全句意思是“选择正确的词典依赖于你使用它做什么。”
13) ______matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007年全国Ⅱ 17)
A. WhatB. Why C. Where D. which
解析:正确答案是A. What,What 在句中引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,意思是“……的事情/……的 ”。全句意思是“学习英语至关重要的是足够的练习。”
3.作成分
what 在引导名词性从句时,在从句中充当成分,常常在从句中作主语、表语或宾语。这一用法与that 用法不一样。例如:
14) The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ______ it is. (2007天津 15)
A. whatB. which C. how D. where
解析:正确答案是A. what,what 在句中引导宾语从句,同时在从句中作is的表语。
15) ______ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008年山东,23)
A. ItB. This C. WhatD. As
解析:正确答案是C. what,what 在句中引导主语从句,同时what在从句中作主语,that 在名词性从句中不作成分。she told me是插入语。
三、要特别提醒同学们的几点:
1. What可以放在介词后引导宾语从句,并且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;而that不可以。例如:
16)—Could you do me a favor?
—It depends on ______it is. (2006北京,29)
A. which B. whichever C. whatD. whatever
解析:正确答案是C.。因为在介词on 后面,应该用what引导的宾语从句,what在宾语从句中作表语。而that不可以这样用。
17) As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ______he will do or think. (2008年
上海 34)
A. whatB. which C. whomD. that
解析:正确答案是A. what引导了介词about 后面的宾语从句,同时what又在从句中作do 和think的宾语。而that 没有这种用法,所以选A what.
2.that可以引导定语从句,that在定语从句中要充当成分,通常作定语从句中的主语、
宾语。同时that也可以引导名词性从句,在名词性从句中that 不充当成分。 但What不可以引导定语从句。它只可以引导名词性从句,在句中相当于 what =all that ,what 在名词性从句中充当成分,常常作主语、宾语和表语。另外,what 可以引导感叹句,作句子的宾语,而that 没有这一用法。例如:
18) You can only be sure of _______you have at present ; you cannot be sure of something ______you might get in the future. (2007年安徽,33)
A. that; whatB. what; / C. which ; thatD. / ; that
解析:正确答案是B,what 在句中引导宾语从句,作介词of 的宾语,what在宾语从句中作have 的宾语。Something 后接that.引导的定语从句,that.可以省略
19) Do you have any idea ______is actually going on in the classroom? (2005年辽宁,29)
A. thatB. what C. as D. which
解析:正确答案是B,what 引导的同位语从句,what 在同位语从句中作主语,而that在同位语从句中不作成分。
20) I was surprised by her words ,which made me recognize ______silly mistakes I had
made. (2005年湖南,35)
A. whatB.thatC. howD. which
解析:正确答案是A,what 引导的感叹句,作recognize的宾语,而that不可以引导感叹句。