宋钧窑乳钉鼓式洗
2008-12-25张桂芳
张桂芳
宋钧窑乳钉鼓式洗是青岛市博物馆馆藏珍品之一,是北宋钧窑产品,距今已有800多年的历史。
这件器物高9.1厘米,口径23.8厘米,底径17.3厘米,口径均内敛。器外上有两道棱纹,器身上下乳钉纹装饰。腹上一周饰20个乳钉纹,腹下一周饰18个乳钉纹。器如鼓式,底承三如意形扁足。此器造型古朴,庄重大方。胎体稳重、饱满,呈深灰色,风格独特。釉色以乳浊状的天蓝色和月白色为主,间杂以丝缕状红色和青色。口沿,器身上弦纹、乳钉及器足转折处的釉色呈酱色。器内釉薄为天蓝色,有桔皮纹和蚯蚓走泥纹。器底釉刷芝麻酱色,无釉之处亦呈羊肝色。器表呈现出红紫相映,犹如晚霞幻变,给人以变幻无穷的色彩美感。底部并刻有款识“一”字。
钧窑,宋代五大名窑之一,与汝、官、哥、定窑齐名。窑址在河南省禹州城北门内的钧台与八卦洞附近。此地金代称钧州,因此得名。钧官窑,指宋微宗建中、靖国元年到宋微宗宣和七年,公元1101—1126年。这一时期,宋钧窑主要作品为各式花盆、鼓钉洗、敞口尊等陈设用瓷。这些器物的器底刻有汉文数字,又称传世宋钧,是专为宫廷烧制的贡品。官钧为典型的窑变釉,在天青色或紫红色背景上密布着淡蓝至蓝白色的窑变流纹,整个釉面上呈现出蓝白交织的颜色变化及生动美妙的窑变流纹。官钧玫瑰紫红釉的乳浊性比蓝钧釉更强。此件宋钧窑鼓式洗,胎体釉色精美、滋润、莹亮,圈足上施了厚釉,有流淌现象,露胎处呈天蓝色、深灰和浅灰等颜色,艳丽绝伦,让人体会到天青霞紫的钧窑特色。无论从造型、釉色等方面观察,此件传世乳钉鼓式洗,具有典型的宋钧窑的特点。
据目前考证所知,窑器有款始于北宋。款识,它是烧制在瓷器底部的字和数字,表明产地,出产年代或其他必要信息。有款识者大多出自官窑,民窑带款者少。钧瓷中有“内府”或“奉化”等铭文字样。传世钧瓷铭文主要是底刻“一”至“十”的数字。《南窑笔记》所载:“有一二数目字样于底足之间,配合一付之记号也”。经钧窑遗址发掘研究,解答了数目的用意。即数字越大,其口径越小,器身越低;数字越小,其口径则越大,器身越高。此件底部刻有“一”的字样。是与产品的尺寸大小有密切关系的,说明它是器物中最大的一件,是器物配对的记号。从中可以看出,工匠在制作御用瓷器上非常规范,严格按照既定的规格而烧造。生产的产品严禁流入民间。因此官窑瓷器保存下来甚少。此件钧窑洗应为北宋晚期宫廷陈设的艺术珍品。
宋钧瓷另一个显著的特征是釉层中的“蚯蚓走泥纹”。这种现象的形成是由于釉汁中各种呈色的金属的重量不同,所以,厚釉是钧瓷釉色美的必备条件。为了把釉层堆积得更厚些,工匠采用在素烧过的坯上施一层釉便入炉用低温烘烤一次的方法,使釉层固定下来后再施二层釉。釉层在干燥时或烧成初期发生龟裂,再把粘度较低的釉流入空隙,高温烧成。此件宋钧窑鼓式洗是在平滑的釉面之下,出现了颜色较为深沉的纹理,隐隐约约,曲曲弯弯,好像蚯蚓在泥土中游走留下的痕迹。这也是后人鉴定它真伪的重要依据。
关于这件器物的来历,还有一段趣事。上世纪60年代,青岛市文物商店的领导经常派富有文物鉴定能力的员工到市、区、县、农村蹲点,抢救社会上的零散文物。凡是他们到过的地方,了解到哪里有文物,从不轻易放过,或是动员上缴国家,或是动员卖给国家。此钧窑乳钉鼓式洗便是青岛市文物商店的张老先生在山东乳山收购的。
1962年春天的一天,张老先生从乳山某村经过,见一家农户敞着大门,里面有一群鸡围着盛鸡食的器物争先抢食,张老突然被地上器物吸引住,恍然发现盛鸡食器物好像是个洗子,便跨进家门与主人搭话,随即蹲下来观察那器物。抢食的群鸡被惊散,他趁机将洗子捧在手中,如获至宝,翻来覆去地观察,不错,是个洗子,还是个宋钧窑洗子。张老心里万分激动,情不自禁地说:“此品好啊!此品好啊!虽沦落为鸡食钵子,总算没有碰着磕着,真是谢天谢地。”他手捧洗子,爱不释手,随即问农家主人:“怎么用这物喂鸡?可惜了!”农家主人说:“这件东西没有什么用处,俺看它又矮又厚又重,做鸡食钵子用稳当。大哥这么喜欢,一定是有用处,就把它送给你吧。”张老先生正在想怎么动员她卖给国家,经她这样一说,真是喜出望外,就以5元人民币奖励那农家主人,并表示谢意。
张老先生带着无比喜悦的心情,连夜赶回青岛,及时向文物店的领导汇报了收购乳钉鼓式洗的情况。文物商店的领导看到此洗子,激动地说:“这次你可立了大功了,为国家抢救了这件传世之珍品,为我们青岛市文物商店增了荣誉。”后经国家文物局著名陶瓷专家耿宝昌先生鉴定,确认这件鼓式洗是宋钧窑无疑,随定为国家一级文物。
慧眼识宝,这件曾经做过鸡食钵子的宋代钧窑乳钉鼓式洗如今已为青岛市博物馆的一件馆藏精品。它经常出现在青岛市博物馆历代瓷器展览中,供国内外观众鉴赏。
The drum-shaped brush washer with a nipple pattern of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty, which was made during the Northern Song Dynasty more than 800 years ago, is one of the treasured pieces in the collections of Qingdao Museum. The washer is 9.1cm high with a 23.8cm mouth diameter and a 17.3cm bottom diameter. On the upper side of the washer, there are two areas of rhomb patterns. On the lower side, there are nipple patterns. The drum-shaped washer has three S-shaped flat legs. The opaque azure and white colors constitute the main tone. There are also some shades of red and cyan colors. Thus, the appearance of the washer looks like the enchanting evening light.
There is an interesting story about this washer. In the spring of 1962, when one day passing by some village in Rushan City, Mr. Zhang, a clerk of the Qingdao Antique Store, discovered a flock of chickens in a rural household fighting for food around a vessel holding food. The vessel looked like a brush washer. So he entered household and had a chat with the woman of the house. After carefully observing the vessel, he was sure that it was a brush washer of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty. Seeing Mr. Zhang liked that vessel very much, the generous lady presented it to him. To express his gratitude, Mr. Zhang gave her five yuan as reward.
Thatvery night, Mr. Zhang went back to Qingdao and reported the information to leaders of the antique store. Later, Mr. Geng Baochang, a famous expert of the State Cultural Relics Bureau of China confirmed that this vessel was a drum-shaped brush waster of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty. Consequently, it was validated as a national class one cultural relic.
Nowadays, the drum-shaped brush washer with nipple pattern of Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty, which used to be utilized a chicken food vessel, has become a treasured piece in the collections of Qingdao Museum and is often showcased in the exhibition of ancient porcelain wares held by Qingdao Museum for the appreciation of domestic and overseas visitors.