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新目标英语八年级(上)重点词语讲解(Units 4~5)

2008-10-22胡扬朋

中学英语园地·初二版 2008年9期
关键词:冠词及物动词公共汽车

胡扬朋

Unit 4 How do you get to school?

1.take v.搭乘;花费(时间)

—How does Bob get to school? 鲍勃怎样去上学?

—He takes the train.(P19)他搭火车去的。

take用作及物动词时,可以表示“搭乘(车、船等)”的意思,后跟bus,train,boat,plane,bike,ship,subway,taxi等表示交通工具的名词作宾语,名词前面应该用冠词。例如:

We are waiting to take the plane to Shanghai.我们在等着乘飞机去上海。

Then we all three took a bus into the town.然后我们三人都坐公共汽车进城了。

I take the subway to the railway station.我乘地铁去火车站。

take还可作“花费(时间)”解。例如:

The bus ride usually takes about 25 minutes.(P21)乘公共汽车通常大约要走25分钟。

take常用于“It takes(somebody)time to do something.” 句式中。该句式表示“(某人)花费多长时间做某事”。其中it是形式主语,动词不定式表示进行的某项活动,作真正的主语。若动词不定式需要有逻辑主语,则应将其放在take后面。例如:

How long does it take you to get from home to school?(P21)从你家到学校要花多长时间?

It will take us three days to finish the work.我们要花三天时间完成这项工作。

2.walk v.走;步行;散步

I usually walk but sometimes I take the bus.(P20)我通常步行去,但是有时搭公共汽车。

辨析walk与go:

两者都含有“走”的意思,go不一定指步行走路,其主语可以是表示人、动物或非生物的名词或代词,它往往与介词to引起的地点状语或by引起的方式状语连用。例如:

He usually goes home by bike.他通常骑自行车回家。

They go to night-school every day.他们每天都去上夜校。

The train is going faster and faster.火车开得越来越快。

The plane can go at 1,200 kilometers per hour.这飞机一个小时能飞1,200公里。

go后面可跟动词的-ing形式。这种结构中的动词大多数与体育、娱乐活动有关。例如:

He often goes fishing on Saturday.他经常在星期六去钓鱼。

Lets go swimming this afternoon.咱们今天下午去游泳吧。

Did you go skating yesterday? 昨天你去溜冰了吗?

walk的主语通常是表示人或动物的名词或代词,指步行或无目的地散步。例如:

We often walk in the park.我们经常在公园里散步。

Shall we ride or walk? 我们是骑马还是步行?

Dont walk in the tomato fields.不要在西红柿地里走。

只有表示步行“到一定地点去”时,walk和go才可互换使用。例如:

He went(walked)to the door.他向门口走去。

注意:不可说walk ...on foot,但可以说go ...on foot。 试译:

有时候他步行回家。

误:He sometimes walks home on foot.

正:He sometimes walks home.

正:He sometimes goes home on foot.

3.by bus乘公共汽车

It takes about 25 minutes to walk and 10 minutes by bus.(P20)步行大约要25分钟,乘车10分钟。

by bus中的by是介词,意思是“乘用”,后跟bike,train,plane,ship,boat,car和subway等表示交通工具的名词。注意:这些名词前面不用冠词,也不带复数词尾或物主代词等修饰语。例如:

Ill go to the station by subway.我将乘地铁去车站。

Id like to travel by plane.我喜欢坐飞机旅行。

确指某一具体交通工具时,习惯上用介词on或in,用on是美国英语,表示交通工具的名词前通常带冠词、物主代词等修饰语。例如:

We go to work on /in a bus.我们乘公共汽车去上班。

He went there on/in his own car.他开自己的小汽车去那里。

如果交通工具前有表示时刻的词语时,也可以用by。 例如:

Hell go to Shanghai by/on the nine oclock train.他将乘九点的火车去上海。

注意:表示“骑自行车”时,可用介词by或on。 用on时,bike前一般有冠词或其他修饰语。表示“骑马”、“骑骆驼”、“步行”时,均用on。 例如:

He goes to school by bike(on his bike)every day.他每天骑自行车上学。(不可以说in his bike)

She is traveling in the desert on her camel.她骑着自己的骆驼在沙漠中旅行。

There was no bus,so we had to go back home on foot.当时没有公共汽车了,我们只得步行回家。

4.how far多远

—How far is it from your home to school? 从你家到学校有多远?

—Its three miles.(P21)3英里。

how far意为“多远”,用来询问距离,常用在“How far is it from ...to ...?” 句式中。例如:

—How far do you live from school? 你住的地方离学校有多远?

—I live 10 miles from school.10英里。

注意:用how far提问时,其后的主语和谓语要用倒装语序,否则就成了感叹句。试比较:

How far is it? 有多远?

How far it is!好远啊!

5.other adj.另外的;其他的

In other parts of the world,things are different.(P23)在世界其他地方,情况就有所不同。

辨析other与the other:

other意为“另外的”;“其他的”,可作前置定语,修饰单数或复数名词。例如:

We study Chinese,maths,English and other lessons.我们学习汉语、数学、英语和其他课程。

Are there any other questions? 还有其他问题吗?

the other表示两者中的“另一个”,是特指。表示其中的“一个”,用one,表示“另外一个”,则用the other。 例如:

Where is the other glove? 另外一只手套在哪儿?

She has two children.One is a boy,the other is a girl.她有两个孩子。一个是男孩,另一个是女孩。

the other还可以修饰复数名词,表示除前面提到的以外“全部其余的”。例如:

Twenty students in the class are from Henan;the other students are from Hunan.这个班有二十个学生是河南的,其余的都是湖南的。

6.depend v.依靠;依赖

In China,it depends on where you are.(P23)在中国,就要看你住在什么地方。

动词depend常与on,upon连用,意为“视……情况而定”。例如:

The price depends on the quality of the things.价钱取决于东西的质量。

That depends on the needs of the country.这要看国家的需要了。

在口语中,有时介词on可以省略。例如:

It all depends how you tackle the problem.这全看你怎样去处理这个问题了。

depend与on连用时,还可表示“信任”;“依赖”;“依靠”。例如:

She is poor.She depends on his brothers for food and clothes.她穷,衣食都靠弟兄们来接济。

They shouldnt depend on foreign countries for oil.他们不应当依赖外国的石油。

7.must modal v.一定(表示推测)

That must be a lot more fun than taking a bus!(P23)那肯定要比坐公共汽车上学有趣得多。

must是情态动词,可用于表示肯定的推测,意为“一定是”;“必然”。例如:

Its half past three.They must be in by now.三点半了,他们肯定已经回来了。

The letter must be in the other drawer.那封信一定在另一个抽屉里。

Oh,but you must know this man.Look,this is his picture.啊,但是你一定认识这个人。看,这就是他的照片。

注意:must只在肯定句中表示推测意义。在疑问句和否定句中,要用can或cant代之。例如:

The news cant be true.这消息不可能是真的。

What do you think this letter can mean? 你认为这封信可能意味着什么呢?

8.town n.镇;城镇

What do you think of the transportation in your town?(P24)你对你们城里的交通有什么看法?

辨析town与city:

city指较大的、较重要的城市,但在美国,城镇也称作city。 例如:

Beijing is a large and beautiful city.北京是一座又大又美丽的城市。

She works in a big city.她在一个大城市里工作。

town意为“城镇”,规模一般比较小,与countryside相对。例如:

I saw him in town yesterday.昨天我在城里看见过他。

He was born in a little town near Changchun.他出生在长春附近的一个小镇里。

注意:在一些短语中,city前面常用冠词,town前面通常不用冠词。例如:go to the city;go to town;in the city,in town。

9.worry v.担心;担忧;焦虑

Dont worry.(P24)别担心。

worry可用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时,worry意为“使……烦恼”;“使……担忧”,后面的宾语通常是表示人的名词或代词。例如:

Whats worrying you? 什么事使你烦恼?

His bad health worries his parents.他的身体不好,这使他父母很担忧。

用作不及物动词时,worry意为“发愁”;“担心”;“烦恼”,常与介词about连用。例如:

Tell them not to worry.告诉他们别担心。

On the way home he began to worry.在回家的路上,他开始着急起来。

You dont have to worry about that.你不必为那事担心。

10.look at朝……看

Let me look at your map.(P24)让我看看你的地图。

辨析look at与 see:

两者都有“看”的意思。 look at相当于一个及物动词,表示有意识地“看”,强调“看”的动作。例如:

Look at the blackboard,please.请看黑板。

May I look at your new bike? 我可以看看你的新自行车吗?

see是及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,是“有视力,有能力看见”的意思,强调“看”的结果,常与情态动词can连用,一般不用于进行时。例如:

Can you see the door? 你能看见那扇门吗?

I am looking for her but cant see her in the crowd.我在人群中找她,却没看见她。

Its so dark;I cant see.这么黑,我简直看不见。

巩固练习:

1.用walk或go填空:

1)I sometimes______to the factory,but I often______there by bike.

2)He usually______to the farm on foot.

3)My younger brother is learning to______.

4)Lets______to the zoo.

2.用other或the other填空:

1)One shop is here;______is there.

2)What______things can you see?

3)Do you have any______books on this subject?

4)I have two brothers.One is a teacher,______is a doctor.

3.用city或town填空:

1)We are doing shopping in______.

2)Would you like to live in a______or in the countryside?

3)London,Paris and New York are all large______.

4)I met him in the______yesterday.

4.用look at或see填空:

1)What can you______in the picture?

2)Lets______the map of China.

3)I could______nothing in such darkness.

4)I have some pictures for you to______.

Key:

1.1)walk;go 2)goes 3)walk 4)go/walk

2.1)the other 2)other 3)other 4)the other

3.1)town 2)town 3)cities 4)city

4.1)see 2)look at 3)see 4)look at

Unit 5 Can you come to my party?

1.lesson n.课;课程

I have a piano lesson.(P25)我上钢琴课。

辨析lesson与class:

class指以45(50……)分钟为单位的课堂教学,也可指“(学校的)班级”或“全体学生”。例如:

Do you have classes every day? 你们每天都上课吗?

When does the next class begin? 下一节课什么时候开始?

Students should answer the teachers questions in class.在上课的时候,学生应该回答老师的提问。

Class Two is a big one.二班是一个大班。

The class are very bright.这个班里的学生很聪明。

lesson表示“课文”;“功课”或“(一节课、两节课的)课”,着重指教学内容而言,作“课”解时,可和class换用。例如:

We have four lessons(classes)in the morning.我们上午上四节课。

We will study Lesson Ten next week.下星期我们将学习第十课。

After school,the boys play first;then do their lessons.放学后男孩子们先玩后做功课。

注意:class与lesson各有其固定的搭配方式。例如:do ones lesson做功课;after(before)class课后(前)

2.another adj.又一的;再一的

Maybe another time.(P26)也许改天吧。

another指的是三个或三个以上中的“另一个”,一般情况下,其后用单数名词,但其后跟few和“二”或“二”以上的基数词时,后面也可用复数名词。除了用作限定词外,another还可独自个用作代词。例如:

Give me another piece of cake.再给我一块饼。

I dont want this one.Please give me another.我不想要这一个,请再给我一个。

There is room for another few people at the back of the bus.公共汽车后排还能坐下几个人。

He wants another five doctors.他想再要五名医生。

3.weekday n.工作日;

I cant join you because I have to help my mom on weekdays.(P30)我不能与你们在一起,因为我在工作日里还得帮助我妈妈。

辨析weekday与weekend:

weekday意为“非周末休息日”;“工作日”,即指星期六和星期天以外的日子。 on weekdays意为“在工作日”;“在平常日”。例如:

The shops are open on weekdays but not on Sundays.商店在工作日营业,星期日不营业。

On weekdays we have a lot of work to do.在工作日里,我们有大量的工作要做。

weekend意为“周末(休息日)”,即Saturday and Sunday。 例如:

I have too much homework this weekend.(P26)这个周末我有太多的家庭作业。

We have a rest on weekends.周末我们休息。

4.whole adj.整个的;全部的;完整的

fishing with grandpa the whole day(P30)一整天与爷爷一起钓鱼

辨析all与whole:

两者用作形容词时,都有“整个的”;“全部的”的意思,通常可以互换使用,但两者在名词短语中的位置不同。如:all the town/the whole town整个城镇;all his life/his whole life他整个一生。

all一般应置于冠词、物主代词等限定词之前,既可用来修饰可数名词,也可以用来修饰不可数名词;all与可数名词复数连用时,意为“所有的”,与不可数名词连用时,意为“整个的”;“全部的”。例如:

All the students study hard.所有的学生学习都很努力。

The baby cried all the morning.那婴儿整个早上都在哭。

whole一般应置于冠词、物主代词等限定词之后,只修饰可数名词,不能修饰物质名词。例如:

It rained three whole days.下了整整三天的雨。

I didnt see him the whole day.我整天都没见到他。

试译:他把所有的食物都吃了。

误:He ate the whole food.

正:He ate all the food.

5.come over顺便来访

Can you come over to my house Wednesday evening to discuss the science report?(P30)星期三晚上你能到我家来讨论那个科学报告吗?

短语动词come over表示“过来”、“从远处来”、“顺便来访”等意思,可与介词to连用。例如:

Ill come over and see you after work.下班后我来看你。

We came over to Shanghai for the summer holiday.我们来到上海度暑假。

6.study v.学习

Please keep quiet!Im trying to study.(P30)请安静!我想学习。

辨析study 与learn:

两者都可以表示“学习”的意思,在许多情况下可以互换。例如:

We are studying(learning)English.我们在学习英语。

They are going to learn(study)a new lesson next week.下周他们要学新课。

study通常指比较深入地学习,含有努力去学的意味,它侧重学习的过程,有“研究”;“钻研”的内涵。例如:

They are studying history.他们在钻研历史。

He is studying to be a doctor.他在读医科。

learn往往指通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能,侧重学习的成果,有“学会”;“学到”的内涵。表示学习做具体的事情时,要用learn,不能用study。 例如:

They are learning to swim.他们在学习游泳。

Some children are learning fast and well.一些孩子学得又快又好。

表示“向某人学习”时,应该用learn from somebody,不能用study替换learn。 例如:

Learn from the hero.向英雄学习。

7.match n.比赛;竞赛

football match at 5:00 pm on TV(P30)下午5点看电视上的足球比赛

辨析match与 game:

两者都可以作“比赛”解。 game指“游戏”、“运动”、“比赛”,可以指户外或户内的,也可指脑力的或体力的,通常有一定的规则,凡参加者均需遵守。例如:

Can he go to the baseball game?(P26)他可以去看棒球比赛吗?

Play this game.玩这种游戏。

Table tennis is a very popular game in China.在中国,乒乓球是一项非常流行的运动。

After the game hell be fine.比赛之后,他就会好的。

game还可指大型运动会,常用复数形式。例如:

The 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing last month.第二十九届奥林匹克运动会上个月在北京举行。

match意为“竞赛”、“比赛”,通常指正式的比赛,主要用于英国,美国称比赛为game。 例如:

I watched the basketball match yesterday.昨天我观看了那场篮球赛。

Our team beat their team in the match.我们队在比赛中打败了他们队。

巩固练习:

1.用lesson或class填空:

1)We do our______at 8:00 in the evening.

2)We often play basketball after______.

3)Mr Wu teaches us Chinese______.

4)He works hard in______.

2.用whole或all填空:

1)I told him the______story.

2)______the people of the city love the lake.

3)I once lived here for two______years.

4)Its good to see______my teachers and friends again.

3.用learn或study填空:

1)He______hard and finally______the language.

2)We should______from each other.

3)Some students often______late into the night.

4)Now I am______to skate.

4.用game或match填空:

1)He won a gold medal in the 11th Asian______.

2)Do you want to come to the tennis______?

3)Lets play the ABC______.

4)Which side won the ping-pong______?

Key:

1.1)lessons 2)class 3)lesson 4)class

2.1)whole 2)All 3)whole 4)all

3.1)studied;learned 2)learn 3)study 4)learning

4.1)Games 2)match/game 3)game 4)match/game

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