被动语态的扫描

刘　跃

A 知识归纳

英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

We should plant many trees on the mountains.

我们应该在山上种许多树。

Many trees should be planted on the mountains.

应该在山上种许多树。

被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化通过助动词be的变化来体现。本单元学到的是含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构为“情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”。如：

Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends.

应该允许青少年和朋友们外出。

介词by+动作的执行者构成的by介词短语，在句中作状语。如不强调执行者，很多时候可以省略by介词短语。如：

People all over the world enjoy it now.

现在全世界的人都喜欢(这一运动)。

=Now it is enjoyed by people all over the world.

现在(这一运动)受到全世界人的喜欢。

We clean the windows every day. 我们每天都擦窗户。

=The windows are cleaned every day(by us). 窗户每天都擦。

He needs three more men to do the work.

他还需要三个人来做这件事。

=Three more men are needed to do the work.

还需要三个人做这件事。

Mother cooks meals at home. 在家里妈妈做饭。

=Meals are cooked by Mother at home. 在家里饭是妈妈做的。

B 延伸拓展

在什么情况下要用到被动语态呢？一般来说，被动语态的句子常见的有下面的几种情况：

1.不知道或没有必要说出动作的执行者是谁或者大家都清楚动作的执行者是谁时，常用被动语态。如：

The children should be allowed to go to the movies with friends on Friday nights.

孩子们应当被允许星期五晚上和朋友们一起去看电影。

2.强调动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者时，常用被动语态。如：

Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石头做成。

A lot of teachers are needed in the west part of China.

在中国西部需要大量的教师。

C 综合提高

含有情态动词的被动语态句子变为否定句时，应该在情态动词后面加not(而不是在be动词后面加not)。如：

Waste paper should not be thrown here. 废纸不应该扔在这里。

Teenagers should not be allowed to get their hair colored.

青少年不应该被允许染发。

那么含有情态动词的被动语态句子如何变为一般疑问句呢？很简单，将情态动词移到句首即可。如：

Should it be done by Li Ming? 这件事应该由李明做吗？

Should I be allowed to choose my own clothes?

我应该被允许选择自己的衣服吗？

含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语；主动语态中的谓语动词变为“情态动词+助动词be+过去分词”；主动语态中的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在句尾(如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语常可省略)。如：

Parents should allow fourteen-year-olds to choose their own clothes.

父母应该允许十四岁的少年选择他们自己的服装。

→Fourteen-year-olds should be allowed to choose their own clothes(by parents).

[注]allow用于被动语态时，不能用it作形式主语，如不能说：

Its not allowed to smoke here. 而要说：

People are not allowed to smoke here. 或Smoking is not allowed here. 此处禁止吸烟。

被动语态专项练习：

选择填空

1. In some countries, tea ____ with milk and sugar.

A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served

2. Great changes ____ in my hometown since 1980.

A. have been taken place B. took place

C. have taken place D. were taken place

3. The new type of car is going to ____ in three years.

A. turn out B. be turned out

C. has turned out D. have been turned out

4. The woman murdered her friend and ____ to ____.

A. was sentenced, death B. sentencing, die

C. sentenced, death D. sentenced, die

5. ——Do you like the skirt?

——It ____ soft.

A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt

6. Are you still here? You were here an hour ago. Who ____ for?

A. are you waiting B. did you wait

C. were you waiting D. do you wait

7. ____ to know Professor Zhang.

A. He said B. I said C. He is said D. It says

8. ——I want to sit at the table near the window.

——Sorry, ____ already.

A. it took B. it takes

C. it is taking D. it has been taken

9. The letter ____ three days ago and it ____ yesterday.

A. had post, had arrived B. was posted, arrived

C. posted, arrived D. had been posted, was arrived

10. He told me that the final examination ____ next Thursday.

A. is given B. will be given

C. would have given D. would be given

11. Water ____ into ice.

A. will changed B. must be changed

C. should change D. can be changed

12. Plays ____ twice a month in that theatre.

A. put on B. are put on

C. was put on D. often put on

13. The birds ____ fly away last Saturday.

A. let to B. is let to C. was let D. were let to

14. A strange sound ____ yesterday evening.

A. was heard B. hears C. heard D. is heard

15. A beautiful bike ____ him by his classmates.

A. sent to B. will sent to

C. was sent to D. will be sent for

16. Miss Chen ____ just ____ to speak at the meeting.

A. has…been asked B. has been…asked

C. have been…asked D. have…been asked

17. Meat ____ out in this shop. We can ____ now.

A. have been sold, get nothing B. has been sold, get nothing

C. has been sold, get some D. have been sold, get some

18. The new play ____ in theatre now. Why dont you go in and see it?

A. is being shown B. is showing

C. is shown D. shows

19. Can you tell ____?

A. when did it happen B. when was it happened

C. when it happened D. when it was happened

20. ____ the job ____ by Lucy or by John? Tell me the truth, please.

A. Has…finished B. Has…being finished

C. Is…finish D. Has…been finished

Key:1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D