动词不定式
2008-08-26杨学玲
杨学玲
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有时态和语态的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式;主动式和被动式。同时,动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
一、动词不定式的特征和种类
动词不定式由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成,在某些情况下to也可以省略。
动词不定式的变化形式,见下表(以do为例):
A.不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。(同时发生)
To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.
为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。(to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后)
B.不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.
我到达那里的时候,碰巧在下雨。
Im glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。
C.不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉,把你的钥匙弄丢了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感觉身体不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.
对我来说,应邀来贵国是一件很荣幸的事情。
D.不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生并且一直持续到现在,还可能继续下去。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.
据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。
Im sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉,我一直打扰你。
比较:
不定式的时态意义。
He is said to be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。
(不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行)
He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。
(不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束)
E.不定式的被动形式
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成式两种。
1.一般式 to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.
这些书是要发给学生的。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.
他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
2.完成式 to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.
看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。
F.不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由“not或never+不定式”构成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.
由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.
从不犯错误是不可能的。
比较:
谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定具有不同的意义
I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。
二、动词不定式的用法
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能充当句子中所有的成分。
A.动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。
1.不定式短语在句首作主语
To know oneself is difficult. 人贵有自知之明。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主语
在很多情况下,我们通常用it作形式主语,而把不定式移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平稳一些。
Its impolite to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking efforts. 想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
注意:
当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up ones freedom.
做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
B.动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
注意:
有些作表语的不定式,在结构上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to let. 此房出租。
The result is not long to see. 结果不久就会看到。
C.动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
1.作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.
他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
I never thought to meet you here. 我从没想到会在这里遇见你。
必背:
可接不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford负担得起 agree 同意 ask 要求
attempt 尝试 begin 开始 choose选择
continue 继续 decide 决定 desire 要求
determine决心 expect 期待 fail不能
forget 忘记 hate不愿 hope 希望
intend 打算 manage设法 mean 打算
plan 计划 prefer 宁愿 pretend 假装
promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 remember记住
try努力 want 想要 wish希望
②在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后,如果宾语带有宾语补足语时,常常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.
我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后,可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我原想来拜访你的,但没来成。
I expected to have met him here last night.
我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但没见到)
提示:
表示“原打算、原以为”,还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。
I had intended to call on you. 我原想来拜访你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night.
我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。
2.作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.
老师除了叫他努力学习外,未作任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他没有选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently.(有do省to形式)
我们只能耐心等待。
3.作形容词的宾语
不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,一种是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,另一种是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。
这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.
很遗憾,他的情况每况愈下。
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.
她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job. 约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with. 她这个人很难相处。
注意:在这种结构中,如果不定式是不及物动词,则必须加上相应的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.
席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
D.动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
1.在表示感官的动词后作宾语补足语,并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有:see, hear, feel, find, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
Did you see him go out. 你看见他出去了吗?
I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
注意:
转为被动语态时,原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式(notice和watch没有被动语态)。
We saw the car stop.
The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。
2.在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to。
这类动词有:make, let, have等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带to的不定式(have没有被动语态)。
What would you have me do? 你要我做什么?
She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。
有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to,这些动词有:
一感二听三让四观看。
一感:feel 二听:hear, listen to三让:let, have, make 四观看:observe, see, watch, look at
3.在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构,think, consider后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。
He proved that theory (to be) very important.
他证明那个理论是很重要的。
4.在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。
I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。
5.动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面,多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。
We dont allow such things to happen again.
我们不容许这种事情再发生。
Please remind me to leave her this note. 请提醒我留给她这张纸条。
She requested him to go with her. 她邀请他一同去。
注意:
hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。
【误】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。
【误】He demanded us to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.
他要求我们出席会议。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.
他要求我们出席会议。
【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.
【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.
李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
6.动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。
Im waiting for James to arrive. 我正等着詹姆斯的到来。
Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.
他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。
必背:
这些带介词的短语动词有:
call on 号召 arrange for 安排 long for 盼望
wait for 等待 depend on 依靠 rely on 依赖
E.动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。
1.主谓关系
The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他总是第一个来,最后一个离开。
The next train to arrive was from New York.
下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。
2.动宾关系
On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.
星期天,他总是有许多信要写。
The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.
老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。
He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。
注意:
由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。
Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning.
今天上午我有许多事情要处理。
3.同位关系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守定期给他父母写信的诺言。
I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。
4.修饰关系
Now it is time to begin our class. 现在是上课的时间了。
Is that the way to open the can?那就是打开罐头的方法吗?
F.动词不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
1.表示目的
Im saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。
To save the child, he laid down his life.
为了救那个孩子,他献出了生命。
注意:
有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)。
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.
为了吸引注意,他又喊叫又挥手。
Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.
我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。
2.表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone.
他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry?
我说了什么话把你气成这样?
After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again.
散会后,他们分手了,从此再也没有见面。
必背:不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。
1) so…as to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?
把你的自行车借给我好吗?
2) such…as to do
We are not such fools as to believe him.
我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。
3) enough to do
He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.
他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。
4) only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
5) too…to do
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字。
注意:too…to…结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等,动词不定式不表示结果,也没有否定的意思。
The boy was too eager to get a geography book.
那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。
He is too anxious to know the examination results.
他很急切地想知道考试结果。
3.表示原因
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.
我当时不听你的话,真是傻瓜。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.
看到他处于这么困难的境况,她哭了。
4.表示条件
A man would be blind not to see that.
一个人如果看不到这点,那他就是瞎子。
How can you catch the train to start so late?
这么晚才动身,你怎么能赶上火车?
三、关于不定式符号的几个问题
不带to的不定式
1.在口语中,动词原形come和 go后可接不带to的不定式。
Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
2.在why引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。
Why make so much noise?为什么发出这么大的噪音?
Why not join us? 为什么不加入我们?
3.在had better, had best, would rather, would rather…than, would sooner, would sooner…than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。
Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.
你最好听一听老师的意见。
We had best call for the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来。
She cant do anything but ask silly questions.
她除了问一些愚蠢的问题,什么都不会做。
4.如不定式前有行为动词do,那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except或but之后的不定式可不带to。
The only thing I could do was go home.
我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
他们只能等待医生的到来。
5.在两个动词不定式并列使用时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。
The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.
这小姑娘不知道是该哭还是该笑。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 pm? 你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?
6.在help之后,既可用带to的不定式也可用不带to的不定式。
Can I help (to) carry the box for you? 我帮你搬箱子,好吗?
7.在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。
He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。
I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.
我听说不久就要有一次地震。
She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。
8.在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。
She watched the children cross the street.
她看着孩子们穿过了马路。
They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude.
他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。
Dont forget to have him come earlier. 别忘了让他早点儿来。