小议介词by与V-ing形式之用法
2008-08-26钟美云
钟美云
◆介词by的基本用法:
1.表示方法、方式,意为“以……为手段”、“靠……”、“乘……”等。如:
He succeeded by working hard.
他由于工作努力而获得了成功。
I often go to school by bike.
我经常骑自行车上学。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上笑着。
2.表示静态的位置,意为“靠近……”、“在……旁边”。如:
His house stands by the river.
他的家在河边。
Come and sit by me.
过来坐在我的旁边。
3.表示动态的位置,意为“从……旁边经过”、“路过……”。如:
He passed by me without greeting me.
他从我身边走过,但没和我打招呼。
We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我们去他家时路过邮局。
4.表示时间、时限,意为“不迟于;在……之前”、“到……时为止”。如:
They will be back by six.
他们将于6点钟以前回来。
We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学完了所有的重点语法项目。
A UN report said that the world population would have passed six billion by the end of the twentieth century. 一份联合国的报告曾说,到20世纪末世界人口将会超过六十亿了。
5.和take, hold等动词连用,表示接触身体/物体的某一部位。如:
We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我们握住了那只大象的牙齿。
Dont take the baby by her arm. She is too young. 别拽那个小孩的胳膊,她太小了。
6.表示“逐个”、“逐批”之意,常见于以下短语中:
one by one 一个一个地;
little by little一点一点地;
step by step 一步一步地;
day by day 日复一日地
7.用于被动语态中,后接动作的执行者,表示“被……”、“由……”。如:
The machine was invented by Edison.
这机器是爱迪生发明的。
English is spoken by many people. 许多人讲英语。
8.表示判断的标准,意思是“依照,根据”。如:
By my watch it is eight oclock. (按)我的表是八点。
9.由by还可以构成以下短语:
(1) (all) by oneself 意为“独自地”、“单独地”。如:
I cant leave the baby by herself. 我不能将这个婴儿单独留下。
Can you lift this box by yourself?
你一个人能扛起这只箱子吗?
(2) by the way “顺便说一声”、“顺便问一下”,常用作插入语。如:
By the way, have you heard from Mary? 顺便问一下,你最近收到玛丽的信了吗?
(3) by chance/by accident意为“偶然地”。如:
She found out the truth by chance/by accident. 她偶然发现了事情的真相。
(4) learn by heart 意为“背会、记住”。如:
“Learn the new words by heart,” said the teacher. 老师说:“把这些生词背下来。”
(5) by mistake意为“误会、弄错”。如:
I took his umbrella by mistake.
我错拿了他的伞。
(6) by far用于修饰比较级、最高级,以加强语气。如:
He is by far the tallest in our class. 在我们班他个子最高。
◆V-ing形式的基本用法:
1.作主语。如:
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对眼睛有害。
Running is good exercise.
跑步是有益的运动。
2.作动词宾语。如:
He often practices playing basketball. 他经常练习打篮球。
When will you finish reading this book? 你何时读完这本书?
◆英语中有些动词的后面只能跟V-ing形式作宾语。这样的动词有:consider(考虑), enjoy, finish, keep, practice, mind, suggest等。
3.作介词宾语。如:
The teacher left without saying anything to us. 老师什么都没说就离开了。
4.作表语。如:
My ambition is being a doctor. 我的志向是成为医生。
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。
5.作定语。如:
He may be in the reading- room. 他可能在阅览室。
6.作补语。如:
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
我管这叫“拆东墙补西墙”。跟踪练习:
A)选择最佳答案。
1. He learns French ____
keeping a French notebook.
A. in B. with C. by D. to
2. ——____ do you go to
work every day?
——By bus.
A. What B. How C. When D. Which
B)完成句子。
3.学习一种语言的最好方法是每天说它。
____ ____ ____ every day
is the best way of learning it.
4. 不吃饭人就不能活。
People cant live ____ ____.
5. 你父母介意你在外面停留那么久吗?
Do your parents mind your ____
____ ____ ____?
6. 我通过看英语杂志学习生词。
I learn new words ____ ____
English magazines.
Keys:A)1.C 2.B B)3.Speakinga language 4.without eating 5.staying out so long6.by reading