谈谈现在完成时
2008-06-06丁红艳
丁红艳
现在完成时是初中学生语法学习的一个难点。为了帮助同学们更好地学习、掌握这一时态,本文拟从五个方面对现在完成时进行总结。
1. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has) + 动词的过去分词”构成。
1) 肯定句结构为“主语 + 助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 + 其他成分”。例如:
She has finished her homework. 她已做完作业了。
We have cleaned our classroom. 我们已把教室打扫过了。
2) 否定句结构为“主语 + 助动词have/has + not + 动词的过去分词 + 其他成分”。其中的have not与has not可分别缩写成havent 与hasnt。 现在完成时肯定句中的already表示“已经”。否定句中用yet和not搭配,表示“还没有”。例如:
I have already read the book. 我已经看过这本书了。
Miss Gao hasnt come back yet. 高老师还没有回来。
They havent spoken to a foreigner. 他们还没有与外国人说过话。
3) 一般疑问句结构为“助动词Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他成分 + ?”。
对这种一般疑问句,肯定的答语为:“Yes,主语 + have/has.”,有时也可用“Yes,already.”作答;否定的答语为:“No,主语 + havent/hasnt.”,有时也可用“No,not yet. /No,never. /Not yet.”等作答。例如:
—Have you returned the book? 你把那本书还了吗?
—Yes,I have. 是的,我还了。
—Have you found your lost bike yet? 你找到你丢失的自行车了吗?
—No,not yet. 还没有。
2. 现在完成时的基本用法
1) 现在完成时着重强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,不强调这种动作的本身。这时,谓语动词一般为终止性动词(也称非延续性动词),并且常与just,ever,never,yet,already,before等副词连用。例如:
I have already seen the film. 我已看过那部电影了。(这表示现在“我”已经知道电影的内容。)
She has just closed the door. 她刚把门关上。(这表示现在“门”是关着的。)
2) 现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作,一直持续到现在,甚至还可能继续下去。这种动作常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。这时,谓语动词一般为延续性动词或含否定意义的终止性动词。例如:
I have known Jim for two years. 我认识吉姆两年了。
They have lived there since 1995. 从1995年以来他们就住在那儿。
Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since he came here in 1998. 王叔叔自从1998年来这儿就一直在这个工厂工作。
I havent seen him for a long time. 我很长时间没见到他了。
3. 与现在完成时连用的状语
1) 现在完成时可以和不确定具体时间的状语连用,如: just,before,already,yet,recently(近来)等。例如:
Ive just washed my clothes. 我刚洗完衣服。
She has already bought an English-Chinese Dictionary. 她已经买了一本《英汉词典》。
2) 现在完成时可以和包括“现在”时间在内的时间状语连用,如: now,today,these days,this month,in the past/last few years,so far等。例如:
We have worked on the farm these days. 这些天来我们就在这个农场劳动。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 十年来,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
So far we have learned more than two thousand English words. 到目前为止,我们已经学了2,000多个英语单词。
3) 现在完成时常和由“for + 时间段”或“since + 时间点”构成的状语连用。例如:
We have learned English for two years. 我们学习英语已有两年了。
Ive lived here since 1998. 自从1998年以来我一直住在这里。
注意: for为介词,后面只能跟一段时间作宾语,不能引导从句,而since既可用作介词,后面可跟时间点,也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。 since从句中的谓语动词通常为终止性动词的一般过去时。
4) 现在完成时有时还可以和ever,never,once,twice等词连用。例如:
Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你去过香港吗?
He has been to Hangzhou once. 他去过杭州一次。
4. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都可以表示过去发生的动作,但二者的侧重点不同。
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示过去习惯性的动作。这种动作或状态不涉及与现在的关系。与之连用的是表示过去时间的状语,如: yesterday,last year,in 1998,three years ago等。而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。现在完成时不能与表示过去时间的状语连用。试比较:
1) A. I posted the photos yesterday. 昨天我邮寄了那些照片。(只说明邮寄的动作是昨天发生的,与现在没有关系。)
B. I have already posted the photos. 我已把那些照片寄走了。(说明“邮寄”动作发生在过去,强调“现在照片已不在我手里了”。)
2) A. She lived here in 1995. 1995年她住在这儿。(只说明她1995年“住在这儿”,不涉及现在她是否还住在这儿。)
B. She has lived here since 1995. 她从1995年以来就住在这儿。(说明她从1995年开始就住在这儿,现在还住在这儿,还可能继续住下去。)
5. 现在完成时中的终止性动词与延续性动词
终止性动词所表示的动作是不可延续的,如: come,go,put,take,open,leave,give,die,finish,become等,终止性动词的现在完成时不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,也不能用在how long引起的特殊疑问句中。延续性动词所表示的动词和状态是可以延续的,如: keep,live,study,read,ride,play,wait等。延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
注:虽然终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,但将终止性动词作适当转换后,就能与表示一段时间的状语连用了。试译:
1) 他回来三天了。
误: He has come back for three days.
正: He has been back for three days.
2) 他奶奶去世五年了。
误: His grandma has died for five years.
正: His grandma has been dead for five years.
3) 这本词典我已经买了半年了。
误: I have bought the dictionary for half a year.
正: I have had the dictionary for half a year.
4) 你入党多长时间了?
误: How long have you joined the Party?
正: How long have you been a Party member?
[巩固练习] 从A,B,C,D中选出正确答案。
1. John______many friends since he came to Hangzhou last year.
A. made B. makes C. is making D. has made
2. Who______the classroom? Its so clean.
A. has cleaned B. is cleaning C. are cleaning D. cleaned
3. Mr Smith______for two weeks. He doesnt work at all.
A. had a cold B. has had a cold
C. has got a cold D. has caught a cold
4. —______ you______a ticket for the film?
—Not yet.
A. Is; bought B. Are; bought
C. Has; bought D. Have; bought
5. I______my uncle four times today but his line is always busy.
A. will call B. call C. am calling D. have called
6. —Im sorry to have kept you waiting.
—Oh,it doesnt matter. As a matter of fact,I______here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
7. What is the best gift Tom______since he came to China?
A. received B. is receiving
C. had received D. has received
8. —How long______you______this bike?
—For three years.
A. do; you B. do; buy
C. have; had D. have; bought
9. Our city______a lot since I left it three years ago.
A. is changing B. changes
C. changed D. has changed
10. I cant find the book I______from the library a week ago.
A. borrowed B. have borrowed
C. am borrowing D. borrow
Key: 1-5 DABDD6-10 ADCDA