新目标英语八年级(下)词语辨析(Units 7~8)
2008-06-06沈杨
沈 杨
1. clothes,clothing,cloth,dress
clothes意为“衣服”,包括上衣、内衣、裤子、外衣等。 clothes不能用this/that或数词来修饰,但可以用many,these,those,a lot of,a few,the,some和my等词语修饰。 clothes在句中作主语时,谓语动词应为复数形式。例如:
I always wash my clothes on Sundays. 我总是在星期天洗衣服。
She spends a lot of money on clothes. 她花了很多钱买衣服。
clothing是服装的总称,是集合名词,只有单数形式。 clothing指的范围比clothes广,它可以包括clothes指的东西,也可以包括手套、鞋、帽等。例如: winter clothing冬装,childrens clothing童装,a piece of clothing一件衣服。
cloth指做衣服用的材料(棉、麻、丝、毛料),即“布、布料”,是不可数名词。例如:
How much cloth is needed to make a skirt? 做一件裙子需要多少布料?
dress意为“服装、女装、童装、礼服”,尤指儿童日常服装和连衣裙等。例如:
I have a light green dress. 我有一件浅绿色的连衣裙。
[练习] 用clothes,clothing,cloth或dress填空。
(1) Her______are very expensive.
(2) The coat is made of thin______ .
(3) Our school is between a bookshop and a______shop.
(4) Look! Sheila is wearing a long red______ .
Key: (1) clothes (2) cloth (3) clothing (4) dress
2. aloud,loud,loudly
aloud是副词,意为“出声地、大声地”,相对于默读而言,强调出声,但声音不一定很大,常与read等动词连用。 aloud修饰call,cry等动词时,可作“高声地”解。例如:
Please read the text aloud. 请朗读课文。
The boy called for help aloud. 这个男孩高声求救。
loud作形容词时,意为“响亮的,大声的”,可用作定语或表语; loud作副词时,意为“大声,高声”,侧重给人的感觉,常与speak,shout,laugh,talk等动词连用。例如:
Suddenly we heard a loud cry. 突然我们听到一声大叫。
Speak loud while answering the teachers question. 回答老师的问题时要大声一点。
loudly是副词,意为“大声地、响亮地”,多含有噪音或喧扰声的意味,有时也含有“有目的地”提高音量,以便让人听见之意,可置于所修饰的动词之前或之后。例如:
Someone is knocking loudly at the door. 有人在大声地敲门。
She cried loudly. 她嚎啕大哭。
[练习] 用aloud,loud或loudly填空。
(1) Sorry,I cant hear you. Please speak a little______ .
(2) Its good for your English learning to read______every morning.
(3) They______praised the boys behavior. 他们高声赞扬那个男孩的行为。
Key: (1) louder (2) aloud (3) loudly
3. sound,voice,noise
sound指人们听到的各种声音,包括音乐、嗓音、噪声、有意义或无意义的声音。例如:
Did you hear the sound of music? 你听到音乐声了吗?
voice指人在说话或唱歌时发出的声音,也指“嗓音”。例如:
He is not in good voice. 他现在嗓子不好。
noise指不悦耳、令人讨厌的喧闹声、噪声。例如:
The old man enjoyed the holiday far away from city noise. 这位老人喜欢在远离城市喧闹的地方度假。
Dont make a noise. The baby is sleeping now. 不要弄出响声来,小孩正在睡觉。
[练习] 用sound,voice或noise填空。
(1) Dont make so much______ . We are having a meeting.
(2) Light travels faster than______ .
(3) The teacher raised her______so that every student in the classroom could hear her.
(4) We heard nothing but the______of running water.
Key: (1) noise (2) sound (3) voice (4) sound
4. put out,put off
put out意为“关掉、熄灭”,除了指电灯熄灭之外,还指火熄灭。此外还有“生产、出版、发表”等意义。例如:
Put out the light at once. 请立即熄灯。
put off也可作“关掉、熄灭”解,但主要指用按开关、旋钮等机械手段关电灯、收音机,此外它还有“推迟”的意思。例如:
I forgot to put off the radio when I went out. 我出去时忘记关收音机了。
[练习] 用put out或put off填空。
(1) Please______all the lights when you leave the building.
(2)______ all fires before leaving the camping ground.
(3) Tonights concert will be______till next week.
(4) Youll have to______your cigarette(香烟).
Key: (1) put off/put out (2) Put out (3) put off (4) put out
5. accept,receive
accept意为“接受”,是指主语经过考虑而“答应收下”,表示动作是主动的,它的反义词是refuse(拒绝)。例如:
Please accept my invitation. 请接受我的邀请。
receive意为“收到、接到”,它仅指“收到”这一事实,并不含本人愿不愿意接受的意思。它是动词send(寄、送)的结果,当表示“收到(信件)、接见、接待及接纳(某人)”时,都要用receive,不用accept。 例如:
He received a gift,but he didnt accept it. 他收到了一个礼物,但他没有接受。
Have you received a letter from her? 你收到她的来信了吗?
[练习] 用accept或receive填空。
(1) Though the work was difficult,we decided to______it.
(2) Mary______a gift from a friend of hers,but she didnt agree to______it.
(3) Did you______my presents on your birthday?
Key: (1) accept (2) received,accept (3) receive
6. cost,pay,spend,take
这四个动词都有“花费”之意,但在用法上有所不同。
cost作“花费”解时,相当于口语中的“值或价值”,通常以“物”或“事”为主语。常用句式为“sth costs sb some time/money”。 例如:
This dictionary costs me fifty yuan. 我花50元买了这本字典。
Reading English costs him two hours every day. 他每天花两个小时读英语。
pay的意思是“给……报酬、付钱、支付、付出代价”,主语为“人”。常见句式为“sb + pays + (sb) + some money + for sth”。 例如:
I paid much money for the computer. 我买这台电脑花了很多钱。
You will pay me 20 yuan for the skirt. 这条裙子你得付给我20元。
spend的意思是“花费(金钱、时间等)”,主语为“人”。其常见句式为“sb + spends + some money/time + on sth”或“sb + spends + some money/time + (in) doing sth”。 例如:
I spend much money on books every year. 我每年花好多钱买书。
I usually spend an hour(in) reading English every morning. 每天早上我通常花一个小时读英语。
take表示“花费”这一意思时,通常用it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式(短语)。其常见句式为“It takes sb some time/money to do sth”或“sb takes some time/money to do sth”,意为“某人花费一些时间(金钱)去干某事”。例如:
It takes me 15 minutes to go to school by bus. 我上学乘公共汽车需要花费15分钟时间。
I took 10 years to learn English. 我花了10年的时间学英语。
[练习] 用cost,pay,spend或take填空。
(1) The suit______him 200 yuan.
(2) My brother______200 yuan on the suit.
(3) She______half an hour reading the letter.
(4) The woman took out some money and______for the dress.
(5) It______him 20 minutes to go to work on foot.
Key: (1) cost (2) spent (3) spent (4) paid (5) takes
7. sleep,asleep,sleeping
sleep作名词用时,意为“睡眠,睡觉”。例如:
He didnt get enough sleep last night. 昨晚他没有睡足觉。
sleep作动词用时,强调入睡后的睡眠状态。例如:
He usually sleeps six hours each night. 他通常每晚睡六个小时。
asleep是形容词,意为“睡着的”,强调状态,通常在句中作表语,不可用在名词前作定语。例如:
The boy was asleep with his head on his arms. 那个男孩头枕着胳膊睡着了。
sleeping是动词sleep的现在分词或动名词,可放在名词前面作定语,表示“睡着的、睡觉的”,或表示“睡觉用的”。例如:
The sleeping baby is her son. 这个睡着的小孩是她的儿子。
He bought a sleeping bag before going camping. 去露营前,他买了一个睡袋。
[练习] 用sleep,asleep或sleeping填空。
(1) He fell______during the lecture.
(2) She is still______now.
(3) He often talks in his______ .
(4) Dont wake up the______boy.
Key: (1) asleep (2) sleeping (3) sleep (4) sleeping
8. too many,too much,much too
too many表示“太多的……”,用来修饰可数名词复数。例如:
There are too many cars running in Beijing. 在北京,来来往往的汽车太多。
too much意为“太多的……”,可用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词。例如:
If you eat too much sweet food,you will get fat. 如果你吃太多的甜食,就会发胖的。
too much也可用作副词词组,修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例如:
Dont speak too much at the meeting. 会上不要讲得太多。
much too表示“太……”之意,用来修饰形容词或副词。例如:
The coat is much too big for me. 这件外套对我来说太大了。
Im afraid you are driving much too fast. 恐怕你开车开得太快了。
[练习] 用too many,too much或much too填空。
(1) There is______rain in the south in summer.
(2) There are______people waiting at the bus stop now.
(3) Its______hot this summer.
(4) We have______homework to do every day.
(5) If you miss______lessons,you may fail your exam.
Key: (1) too much (2) too many (3) much too (4) too much
(5) too many
9. instead of,instead
instead是副词,意为“代替、顶替、反而、却”。 instead位于句末时,其前不用逗号。 instead位于句首时,其后可用逗号,也可不用。例如:
Give me a red one instead. 给我换个红的吧。
Last year I went to Qingdao. This year Im going to Shanghai instead. 去年我去了青岛,今年我不去青岛了,打算去上海。
instead of是短语介词,意为“代替,而不是”,后跟名词、代词、动名词或介词短语。例如:
Please give me the red box instead of the yellow one. 请把那个红盒子给我,我不要那个黄的。
They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。
[练习] 用instead或instead of填空。
(1) He is tired. Let me do it______ .
(2) She will come to the meeting______him.
(3) She will give the class______Mr Li.
(4) If you cant go to play basketball,let him go______ .
Key: (1) instead (2) instead of (3) instead of (4) instead
10. nearly,almost
nearly,almost都表示“几乎、将近、差不多”,可与动词、形容词、副词、名词等连用,在肯定句中一般可互换使用。例如:
He is almost/nearly as tall as I. 他几乎和我一样高。
It is nearly/almost eleven oclock. 差不多11点了。
I almost/nearly didnt hear what she said. 我几乎没听清她说些什么。
但两者有如下区别: ① almost能和anything/nothing/anyone/anybody/nobody以及 more than,too连用,而nearly则不能。例如:
Almost none of us knew the animal. 我们中几乎没一个人认识那动物。
I have almost nothing to do today. 我今天几乎无事可做。
② 在表示感情或思想状况时,用almost,不能用nearly。 例如:
I almost wish I could fly. 我几乎希望我会飞。
③ 在not,pretty,very之后只能用nearly,不用almost。 例如:
The car hit the child very nearly. 汽车差一点撞着那孩子。
④ 在具体数字前面,用nearly,不用almost。 例如:
The building is nearly thirty meters high. 这座大楼几乎有30米高。
[练习] 用almost或nearly填空。
(1) The old couple have got______no help from their sons.
(2) The room is not______ready for the guest.
(3) The seasons of the year in England and the USA are______the same.
Key: (1) almost (2) nearly (3) nearly/almost