摸清出题规律 全解短文改错
2008-02-19周道义
周道义
短文改错题是得分率极低的题型,可以说是大家的“软肋”。命题人一般从词法、句法、行文逻辑等角度设计题目。笔者总结了这一题型的出题规律,同学们只要抓住了这些规律,定能顺利答题。
1. 词法方面的常见错误
(1) 名词方面:包括单复数误用、可数与不可数名词误用等错误。
例1Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby which...
解析: age为可数名词,复数形式应为ages。
(2) 动词方面:包括时态、语态、语气(主要指虚拟语气的用法)、非谓语动词等方面的错误和主谓不一致、及物动词和非及物动词的误用等错误。
例2As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.
解析: 由句意可知,本句中fed,visited,told为并列谓语,故应将visiting 改为visited。
例3During the World Cup in 2002, my dad stays up late just to watch his favorite sport.
解析: 由时间状语During the World Cup in 2002可知,应把stays改为stayed。
例4Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express myself in simple English.
解析: 此处考查非谓语动词的用法。enjoy后应接动名词,故将talk改为talking。
(3) 形容词和副词方面:包括形容词与副词的相互误用,原级、比较级和最高级之间的误用,关系副词where, when, why等的缺失或错用等。
例5He looks strong than other boys in his group.
解析: 此句是比较句型,应把strong改为stronger。
例6We were expected to meet there stood a tall tree, i.e. at the top of the mountain.
解析: there 前漏掉了关系副词where。 where 在此处引导其后的地点状语从句。
(4) 代词方面:包括代词的格与数的错用、指代错误、关系代词的错用或缺失等。
例7I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.
解析: 本句属于不定代词的误用。根据句意,应把anything改为everything。
(5) 数词方面:主要是基数词与序数词的误用、基数词和序数词的单复数形式的错用等错误。
“五百”“数以万计”和“几百万”等的英语表达方式应该是five hundred,tens of thousands of和millions of,而不是five hundreds,ten of thousand of 及million of。
例8Two third of the students are interested in playing computer games.
解析: 表示分数时,分子为2以上时,分母的序数词要用复数。应将句中的third改为thirds。
例9On his eighty birthday, his children held a great celebration for him.
解析: 本句错在把基数词作序数词用了。应把eighty改为序数词eightieth。
(6) 冠词方面:包括冠词的多余、缺失或错用。
例10...to discover an interest which can even last lifetime.
解析: 此处的lifetime为可数名词,应在其前加a。
例11He plays the football as well as a professional football player.
解析: 按照英语的表达习惯,表示“打……球”时,球类前不加冠词,故应把football前的the去掉。
(7) 介词:主要包括介词的多余、缺失或错用。
例12Could you share your experience for us?
解析: share sth. with sb. 是惯用语,意为“和某人共享某物或某事”。此句中的介词for应改为with。
(8) 连词方面:主要包括句中或句与句之间的连词的错用。
常见的并列连词有and, as well as,in the same way, just as等;常见的表示因果关系的连词有:because, because of, as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, since, so that等;常见的转折连词有:although, but, however, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, rather than, though, otherwise, in spite of, even if, while等。
例13I am trying to improve the situation since it doesnt seem to work.
根据句意,应把表示因果关系的since改为表示转折关系的but。
2. 句子结构方面的常见错误
(1) 常见句型的错用。
例14He was so tired to walk any longer.
解析: 本句是too…to…句型,故应把so改为too。
(2) 主谓不一致。
例15Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
解析: 本句的主语为my picture and the prize,故应把is改为are。
(3) 常见固定短语的错用。
例16He is no means a liar as he never tells lies.
解析: 根据句意,no前应加by。 by no means是固定短语,意为“决不”。
3. 逻辑方面的常见错误
(1) but, and, so,however等连词和otherwise等表示连接意义的副词的相互误用等。
(2) before, after, when, until, since等状语从句引导词的相互误用等。
例17He didnt stay away from home for long. It was only two days when he came back.
解析: 句意为:“他离家的时间不长,过了两天就回来了。”根据句子的逻辑,状语从句he came back的引导词when应改为before。
(3) 肯定和否定的误用等。
例18They would have to ask their parents for money or for permission to do thingswith the money.
解析: 根据上文Earning their own money allows them to spend on anything as they please(他们自己挣钱后想花钱买东西可以随心所欲),本句在would后应加上否定词not才符合逻辑,意为“不用再向父母要钱或请求他们允许才买东西”。