替罗非班治疗超时间窗前循环大动脉粥样硬化型急性脑梗死的疗效观察
2024-07-07张世正陈新新黄建平
张世正 陈新新 黄建平
[摘要] 目的 探讨静脉应用替罗非班注射液治疗超时间窗前循环大动脉粥样硬化型急性脑梗死患者的疗效。方法 选取2021年11月至2022年12月入住温州市中心医院神经内科的前循环大动脉粥样硬化型急性脑梗死患者66例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组,每组各33例。对照组患者予阿司匹林肠溶片;治疗组患者予静脉泵入替罗非班注射液维持48h,再桥接常规抗血小板治疗,疗程均为2周,后续随访6个月。比较治疗前后两组患者的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,MRS)评分、改良Barthel指数(modified Barthel index,MBI)评分、血栓弹力图、脑梗死出血转化情况。结果 治疗14d,治疗组患者的NIHSS评分显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),且显著低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗14d和随访6个月,两组患者的MRS评分均显著低于本组治疗前(P<0.01);随访6个月,治疗组患者的MRS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗7d、14d,随访6个月,治疗组患者的MBI评分均显著高于本组治疗前(P<0.05);治疗14d、随访6个月,治疗组患者的MBI均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者的血小板聚集抑制率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),血小板活性显著低于对照组(P<0.01);两组患者均无脑梗死出血转化情况发生。结论 替罗非班桥接常规抗血小板治疗可阻止急性脑梗死的神经功能缺损恶化,大大降低致残率,改善患者的生活能力,且不增加脑出血风险。
[关键词] 脑梗死;前循环;替罗非班;动脉粥样硬化
[中图分类号] R743.33 [文献标识码] A [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2024.16.022
Efficacy of tirofiban in treatment of acute cerebral infarction beyond the time window and with the type of anterior circulation artery atherosclerosis
ZHANG Shizheng, CHEN Xinxin, HUANG Jianping
Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the efficacy of tirofiban injection in treatment of acute cerebral infarction beyond the time window and with the type of anterior circulation artery atherosclerosis. Methods A total of 66 patients with acute cerebral infarction with the type of anterior circulation artery atherosclerosis admitted to the Department of Neurology of Wenzhou Central Hospital from November 2021 to December 2022 were selected as study objects, and they were divided into treatment group and control group by random number table method, with 33 cases in each group. The control group was given aspirin enteric-coated tablets. The treatment group was given intravenous infusion of tirofiban injection for 48 hours, bridging conventional antiplatelet therapy. The course of treatment was 2 weeks and the follow-up was 6 months. Before and after treatment, National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score, modified Rankin scale (MRS) score, modified Barthel index (MBI) score, thromboelasmogram and cerebral infarction hemorrhage transformation of two groups were compared. Results After 14 days of treatment, the NIHSS score in treatment group was significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.01), and significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). After 14 days of treatment and 6 months of follow-up, MRS scores in both groups were significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.01). After 6 months of follow-up, MRS scores in treatment group were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). After 7 and 14 days of treatment and 6 months of follow-up, the MBI scores of patients in treatment group were significantly higher than before treatment (P<0.05). After 14 days of treatment and 6 months of follow-up, MBI scores in treatment group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the platelet aggregation inhibition rate in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.01), and the platelet activity was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01). No cerebral infarction hemorrhage transformation occurred in both groups. Conclusion Tirofiban bridging conventional antiplatelet therapy can prevent the neurological deterioration of acute cerebral infarction, greatly reduce the rate of disability, improve patients life ability, and do not increase the risk of cerebral hemorrhage.
[Key words] Cerebral infarction; Anterior circulation; Tirofiban injection; Atherosclerosis
急性缺血性脑卒中定义为流注于大脑局部的血液突然中断,致使神经功能出现损伤[1]。目前,静脉溶栓和血管内治疗是主要治疗手段,但由于多种因素限制,只有少数患者在时间窗内接受上述治疗[2]。抗血小板聚集仍是大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的主要治疗策略[3]。从理论上讲,在控制出血风险的前提下,抗血小板治疗的强度越大,脑梗死的复发和加重就越少。本研究应用替罗非班注射液桥接常规抗血小板聚集治疗超时间窗的前循环大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死患者,治疗前后分别采用脑卒中相关量表进行疗效评价,探讨其与常规抗血小板聚集药物治疗相比是否存在治疗优势,现将结果报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2021年11月至2022年12月入住温州市中心医院神经内科的前循环大动脉粥样硬化型急性脑梗死患者66例为研究对象。纳入标准:①符合《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018》诊断标准[4]; ②起病时间6~72h;③年龄30~80岁;④类型为大动脉粥样硬化型。排除标准:①严重心律失常,如房颤等;②出凝血功能障碍者;③替罗非班过敏者;④血小板水平低于100×109/L者;⑤接受溶栓治疗者;⑥当前存在出血情况。采用随机数字表法将纳入患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组各33例。两组患者的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。本研究经温州市中心医院伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:温中心医伦审2022研081号),患者或其家属签署知情同意书。
1.2 治疗方法
对照组:口服阿司匹林肠溶片(注册证号:国药准字HJ20160684,生产单位:Bayer HealthCare Manufacturing S.r.l.,规格:100mg)150mg,每日1次。观察组:通过静脉微泵给予替罗非班注射液[批准文号:国药准字H20041165,生产单位:远大医药(中国)有限公司,规格:100ml∶盐酸替罗非班5mg与氯化钠0.9g]0.4μg/(kg·min),负荷30min,然后0.1μg/(kg·min)低剂量治疗48h,之后桥接常规抗血小板方案(同对照组,但提前与替罗非班叠加使用6h),其他治疗一致,治疗时间均为2周。
1.3 疗效观察
治疗前、治疗48h、7d、14d进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,MRS)、改良Barthel指数(modified Barthel index,MBI)评估和血栓弹力图检测、头颅CT检查;治疗后第6个月对入组患者进行电话随访,随访内容包括MRS和MBI评估。采用NIHSS评估患者的意识水平、肢体肌力等,从而明确神经功能有无缺损。MRS可评估残疾轻重情况、死亡与否,最佳为1分,最差为6分,计分1~6分。MBI评价洗澡、进食等生活自理能力情况,满分100分。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0软件对相应数据进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示,比较用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者的NIHSS评分比较
治疗前,两组患者的NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经过14d治疗,治疗组患者的NIHSS评分显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),见表2。
2.2 两组患者的MRS评分比较
治疗前,两组患者的MRS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗14d和随访6个月,两组患者的MRS评分均显著低于本组治疗前(P<0.01);随访6个月,治疗组患者的MRS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05),见表3。
2.3 两组患者的MBI评分比较
治疗前,两组患者的MBI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗7d、14d,随访6个月,治疗组患者的MBI评分均显著高于本组治疗前(P<0.05);治疗14d、随访6个月,治疗组患者的MBI评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),见表4。
2.4 两组患者的血小板聚集抑制率及血小板活性比较
治疗前,两组患者的血小板聚集抑制率及血小板活性比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者的血小板聚集抑制率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),血小板活性显著低于对照组(P<0.01),见表5。
2.5 两组患者的脑梗死出血转化情况比较
治疗前后两组患者均未出现脑实质出血及脑梗死出血转化情况。
3 讨论
在过去的20年,静脉溶栓、血管内治疗已成为实现缺血血管再通及缺血脑组织再灌注的主要方法[1]。静脉溶栓、血管内治疗在无禁忌证的情况下依旧是一线选择[5-6]。然而静脉溶栓及血管内治疗受到狭窄的治疗时间窗、溶栓禁忌证、技术和设备等多种因素限制,能得到上述2种方法治疗的患者很少。另外,血管内治疗可损伤内皮细胞,导致局部血小板聚集和随后的血管早期重新闭塞[7]。临床上,抗血小板聚集治疗仍是超治疗时间窗缺血性脑卒中合并大动脉粥样硬化的主要治疗方法[8]。替罗非班是一种高选择性非肽类血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体阻断剂,其治疗的半衰期短且安全性高[9]。替罗非班可遏制血栓生长,限制纤维蛋白原发挥作用,达到防止血栓再形成的目的,使得内源性溶栓在体内进行[9]。本研究结果符合上述推论,脑梗死患者应用替罗非班可大大降低致残率,阻止神经功能恶化,减少脑卒中的复发。
Torgano等[10]应用替罗非班治疗150例脑梗死患者,56%的患者在72h后神经功能有所改善,症状性颅内出血仅为1%。Lin等[11]以替罗非班治疗脑梗死患者,对照组采用双重抗血小板治疗,结果两组患者的出血、死亡比较均无差异,替罗非班组患者的神经功能改善明显。Philipps等[12]使用替罗非班治疗进展性脑梗死患者,无论血管梗死类型为何,均无出血等不良事件产生。Siebler等[13]研究发现替罗非班和双联抗血小板治疗的脑梗死出血转化并无差异(30.0% vs. 26.6%),在随后5个月的随访中替罗非班组患者的脑梗死出血转化发生率更低。由此可见,替罗非班安全性高,在改善神经功能缺损方面具有一定优势,且出血发生率并未明显升高。
综上,与常规的抗血小板治疗相比较,替罗非班桥接常规抗血小板治疗可阻止急性脑梗死的神经功能缺损恶化,大大降低致残率,改善患者的生活能力,且未增加出血风险。
利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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(收稿日期:2023–08–24)
(修回日期:2024–05–15)