看图作文观点段写作策略

唐伟胜

描写图画和解释图画后（见本专栏前三篇文章），考研写作最后一段要求给出考生自己的观点（give your own comments）。如果说前两个任务类似记叙文和说明文，这最后一项任务就相当于议论文。考生需要对图画揭示出来的道理表明自己的态度，并给出建议或评论。本部分建议考生写60—80字。

给出观点的基本步骤为：1. 就图画的内容明确提出自己的观点；2. 对此观点进行适当论证。下面用2024年考研真题为例进行说明，图画如下：

该图画揭示的現象很明显，即现在城市里的公园数量越来越多了。接下来，考生需要对这个现象表明态度，然后加以论证。以下是唐老师原创的范文（观点段）：

In my opinion， it is important to build more parks in cities. To begin with， parks can absorb the polluted air and the intolerable noise and make cities a better place to live in. More importantly， parks give those living in cities， which are usually over-crowed， an ideal space to spend their free time doing exercise， or simply having a walk with their friends or family members.

【解析】本段共67个单词。首先提出自己的观点：在城市里建设更多公园很重要。第二句给出第一个理由（公园让城市更宜居），第三句给出第二个理由（公园为城市居民提供了一个理想的休闲锻炼场所）。两个理由之间用more importantly连接。

下面再以2020年考研真题为例，图画如下：

这幅图画对比了两个人对待工作的态度：一个提早，一个拖延，考生对此需要明确表达自己的观点并加以论证。以下是唐老师为本段创作的范文：

In my view， getting things done the earliest possible is always better than putting them off. In the first place， starting off earlier will ensure the quality of our work， since only by doing so can we have enough time to solve the problems that may appear. Then， excellent time-management is also important to improve our efficiency. The last-moment person is often the busiest but the most inefficient one. More importantly， as our experiences keep telling us， many things， if they are not done in time， will not be done at all.

【解析】本段共92字。首先提出自己的观点：提早完成工作比拖延好。接下来举出三条理由论证这个观点：（1）提早开始可确保工作的质量；（2）提早开始可以确保工作效率；（3）拖延往往做不成事情。三个理由之间用“in the first place， ...”“Then， ... ”“More importantly， ... ”连接。

常用论证方法

我们有多种办法来论证自己的观点，以下介绍因果法、反证法和举例法这三个最常用的论证手段。

1. 因果法

因果法是论证的常用手法。简单地说，因果法就是直接寻找原因，来支持自己的观点。一般说来需要寻找两三个理由才能让自己的观点更有说服力。比如：

Looking for new energy in uninhabited areas is a very attractive idea. Such places always abound with energy desperately needed by human race， thus attracting generations of people to take their chances. Besides， the exploration of energy in these areas has little immediate impact on the everyday life of people since it happens far away from where they live.

本段的观点是：去无人居住的地方探索新能源是个好想法。为了论证这一观点，本段提出了两个原因：（1）这些地方往往富含人类需要的能源；（2）在这些地方探索能源对人类的日常生活没有直接影响。再看一段：

I think cosmetic surgery is not a good thing. In the first place， if cosmetic surgery fosters a social atmosphere in which only appearance is valued， then no one will care about developing their inner character and personalities. More importantly， as cosmetic surgery is often very costly， only the rich people can afford the operation， which means only the rich people can benefit from the surgery. Consequently， cosmetic surgery has contributed to the ever-widening gap between the rich and the poor.

本段的观点是：整容不是一件好事情。为了论证这一观点，本段提出两个理由：（1）整容培养了一种社会氛围，让大家都关注外表，而不是内心；（2）整容可能扩大贫富差距。

2. 反证法

如果正面论述一个观点比较困难，我们可以考虑使用反证法，即：如果不这样，会发生什么？比如，为了说明环境保护很重要，我们可以假设：如果不保护环境，会有什么后果。请看下面一段：

I think advertisements are useful in our life. Without the presence of advertising， consumers are at risk of purchasing a product which fails to meet their demands， due to lack of information of better alternatives in the market.

本段旨在说明：广告是有用的。为了说明这一观点，本段使用反证法：如果没有广告，消费者可能买到不符合自己要求的产品。再如：

I believe in cultural diversity. It is this diversity that makes the world a colorful place to live in. If there were only one culture， the world would become such a horrible place， because we would not have a different but equally interesting way of looking at the world.

本段旨在说明：文化多样性是好的。为了说明这个观点，本段首先从正面说文化多样性可让这个世界更加丰富多彩，接下来从反面论证：如果只有一种文化，这个世界将变得可怕，因为我们再也不会有不同的视野来看待世界了。

3. 举例法

举例永远是考生可以考虑使用的一种论证方法。举例时要紧扣要论证的观点，比如：

We need an authoritative voice telling people to take breaks in your days， to slow down. I remember I met once with a young person， 21 years old， who said every time she tried to study or focus she would find herself staring at the clouds and trees. Later I found she did not have any disorder; what she really needed was nothing else but a break.

本段的观点是：我们需要慢下来休息一下，不能永远像绷紧的发条。为了说明这个观点，作者使用了一个身边的例子：一个21岁的年轻人认为自己身体有问题，但最后发现她没有什么病，而是需要休息一段时间。再如：

Some students use websites which offer ready-made assignments. This is not a good idea， even if you ignore the fact that it is cheating， because such websites may contain factual errors or biased views. In a recent case， a student found herself in serious trouble when she submitted an essay from one of these sites only to discover that it was about Austria， not Australia， but had an error in the title.

本段的观点是：不要使用网上的现成答案。作者用举例法来论证这个观点：有一个学生使用了这样的答案，结果弄错了，惹了麻烦。

论证常用结构

根据不同的论证方法，这里提供几种结构，供大家参考。

1. In my view， __________. I hold this view mainly for two reasons. In the first place， __________. On top of that， __________.

2. Personally， I am in favor of the view that __________. Firstly， __________. Secondly， __________. Finally， __________.

3. In my view， it is important to __________. To start with， __________. Besides， __________. Finally， __________.

4. I think we should __________. If we __________， then __________. For example， __________.

*博士生導师，江西师范大学首席教授，英美文学学者。