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补全信息命题特点及备考策略

2024-03-16北京昝亚娟

疯狂英语·新策略 2024年2期
关键词:语段陈述段落

北京 昝亚娟

补全信息题,即七选五阅读题,重点考查文章结构和行文逻辑,充分体现出对考生的思维品质的考查。但一些考生在解题时因没抓住要领而失分较为严重。

一、命题特点和趋势

补全信息题要求考生从所给的七个选项中选出五个正确选项,且将选项放入原文后,能够做到行文连贯、文意通顺。答题时,考生首先应把握文章的整体结构,其次要分析行文的逻辑性和语言的连贯性。考生需要做到“既见树木,又见森林”,在整体把握语篇的基础上,分析语篇的内在逻辑关系,推断句际关系,从而提高答题的正确率。

(一)素材特点

七选五阅读素材的体裁通常以说明文为主,以记叙文和议论文为辅。短文的词数为320~350。文章的话题涉及社会生活的方方面面,内容丰富,体现鲜明的时代特征。语篇主要帮助考生树立正确的人生观和价值观,引导考生学会做人做事,从而发挥试题的育人功能,促进考生的身心健康发展,落实立德树人的根本任务。表1 为2023年高考七选五阅读素材统计。

表1 2023年高考七选五阅读素材统计分析

(二)语篇结构特点

七选五阅读理解的素材主题鲜明,层次分明,结构严谨,逻辑缜密。第一段或前两段通常是导语部分,旨在导入话题,引起读者对话题的注意。中间的若干段是正文部分,提供细节信息,从不同方面对话题展开论述。正文部分大多提供段落标题,一个段落一个分论点。最后一段是结论部分,对前文进行概括和总结。2023 年新高考Ⅱ卷七选五阅读理解的语篇结构很具有代表性,属于典型的“总—分—总”结构。第一段引出话题,根据该段的最后一句可知,本文的写作目的是给初学艺术的人一些建议;中间的四个段落有小标题,是作者为读者提出的四点建议;最后一段是全文的总结。

(三)设空的位置

设空的位置大致有五种情况:①在第一段或第二段的结尾处设空,通常考查承上启下的过渡句;②在段落开头处设空,通常考查段落的主旨句;③在段落标题处设空,通常考查考生的概括能力;④在段中设空,通常考查用来支撑作者观点的事实细节;⑤在段落结尾或全文的结尾设空,通常考查结论句。

(四)主要考查的项目

七选五阅读理解重点考查考生对文章的主旨大意和语篇结构的整体把握,以及对行文逻辑、段落之间的关系和句际关系的分析能力。分析近几年的高考试题可知,七选五阅读考查的项目主要有过渡句、段落标题、主题句、细节支撑句和结论句等。表2为2023年高考七选五阅读重点考查的项目。

表2 2023年高考七选五阅读考查项目分析

(五)重视对考生的逻辑思维能力的考查

众所周知,语篇由段落组成,而段落由句子组成。正如语篇的段落之间存在某种关系,句子与句子之间也存在某种特定的关系。七选五阅读高度重视对句子之间逻辑关系的考查,从而考查考生的逻辑思维能力和推理判断能力。以2023年新高考Ⅰ卷的七选五阅读为例,我们来分析高考对句际关系的考查。根据文章的标题“Personal Forgiveness”我们可以判断文章的主题是“自我原谅”。全文由五段组成,为“总—分—总”结构,第一段导入话题,第二至四段是如何学会自我原谅的三点建议,最后一段是总结部分。第36 空在第一段,前句为“To err is human.”,因此第36 空填D,与前句构成因果关系。第37空在第二段,前句为作者提出的第一条建议“In a journal or on a piece of paper, put the heading ‘Personal strengths’.”,故第37 空填B,与前句构成并列关系。第38 空在第三段,空格之前为两个例子,故本空填F,与前句构成解释关系,且与本段的主题句“On this one, list all the positive things you've done for others.”遥相呼应,强调了作者的观点。第39 空在第四段,空格在主题句之后,故本空填C,与前句构成并列关系,提供细节支撑句。最后一段是全文的结论,第40 空是结论句,后句对本空进行阐释。

二、七选五阅读的备考策略

不同于传统的阅读理解题,七选五阅读更突出对语篇的整体理解和逻辑思维能力的考查。在复习备考时,考生应从以下几个方面做准备。

(一)研究语篇模式

英语说明文的语篇模式通常有以下五种:①“概括—具体”模式(general-specific pattern);②“问题—对策”模式(problem-solution pattern);③“提问—回答”模式(question-answer pattern);④“因果”模式(cause-effect pattern);⑤“对比—对照”模式(compare-contrast pattern)。研究这些不同的语篇建构的特点,能够帮助考生精准把握段落之间的关系,从而把握文章的主题。

(1)“概括—具体”模式,即我们常说的“总—分—总”模式,又称“一般—特殊”模式。它是英语中最常见的一种语篇模式,通常先笼统地陈述某个话题,然后详细地从不同角度展开论述,最后再进行总结,回扣主题。

(2)“问题—对策”模式通常在文首描述一个问题,以引起读者对某个现象或问题的关注,然后陈述这一问题可能导致的后果,或分析造成这个问题的原因,最后提供解决办法或方案。这种语篇模式常见于调查报告类语篇中。

(3)“提问—回答”模式中,作者通过提出一个问题,暗示语篇的发展方向,然后通过一系列的分析或论证,提供该问题的答案。“提问—回答”模式发挥着信息标示、话题导入和话题扩展的语篇组织功能。作者以自问自答的方式组织材料,语篇主题鲜明,脉络清晰,具有较强的逻辑性。

Understanding the metaverse

The metaverse is rapidly being described as the next frontier in the tech, business,and finance world.The idea gained popularity in July 2021, after Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg renamed the company Meta to reflect growing focus on the metaverse.Today,everyone, from major corporations like Microsoft and Disney to creative start-ups, is struggling to enter the market that is predicted to reach over $780 billion by 2024.__51__ How will it affect the way we live and work?

In simplest terms, the metaverse is a fully immersive (沉浸式虚拟现实的) virtual world that is like our real life.__52__ Instead, a functioning metaverse requires a combination of cutting-edge technologies like augmented reality (增强现实), virtual reality, 3D avatars, and artificial intelligence.

Zuckerberg may have drawn the world's attention to the metaverse, but the idea of a virtual world is not new.__53__For instance, Fortnite: Battle Royal, where 100 players battle it out on a small island until only one survivor is left, is a typical example of a virtual universe.

__54__ They imagine using the virtual platform to attend meetings, conferences and concerts, and even tour the world with friends.

However, experts believe the technologies need to improve greatly before that happens.The still heavy virtual reality headsets often cause motion sickness and are not ready for long time use.The amount of computing power required to house billions of people worldwide in a virtual universe also presents an issue.

The various Metaverse companies will also have different virtual worlds.They will have to standardize the technology so users can move seamlessly (无缝地) between them.______55

A.But what exactly is the metaverse?

B.The development of the metaverse still has a long way to go.

C.However, the metaverse is not a specific type of technology.

D.The metaverse industry will create jobs for hundreds and thousands of people.

E.Most importantly, the virtual experience has to be very attractive and affordable for consumers.

F.Fans believe that the metaverse will enable people to conduct their daily lives in an online world.

G.The gaming industry has been building the fundamental elements of the metaverse for many years.

本文的标题暗示本文的内容是介绍元宇宙。第一段的最后一句是问句,第二段的第一句为读者介绍元宇宙,因此可判断第51 空填A,提出一个问题,与下句一起构成设问。从第二段起,下文都是在回答这两个问题,因此本文的模式为“提问—回答”模式。根据第52 空后面的Instead, a functioning metaverse requires a combination of cutting-edge technologies 可判断本空填C,且与下句构成转折关系,表示对比。根据第53空前的but the idea of a virtual world is not new 判断,本空填G,短语for many years 与not new 遥相呼应。根据第54 空后面的句子可判断本空填F。选项F 中的in an online world 与the virtual platform 是同义语。第55空在全文的结尾处,应填结论句。根据前两句可知,元宇宙存在一些需要解决的问题,因此本空填B,是全文的结论。

(4) “因果”模式指文章的内在逻辑为因果关系。作者在第一段先描述一种结果,在后面的段落中陈述若干个造成这结果的原因。有时,作者先陈述一个原因,在后面的段落中再列出这个原因所造成的各种结果。

(5)“对比—对照”模式通常先找出两种事物之间的相似处,再找出两者之间的差异性,以便更清楚地说明两种事物之间的异同。

在做题时,考生可以通过快速阅读,分析语篇模式,把握文章的整体结构。如果是“概括—具体”模式,且带有小标题,考生可以通过小标题来了解文章的结构,把握文章大意。若无小标题,考生可通过快速浏览段落的首句,以更好地把握文章的主旨。通过分析语篇模式,考生能确定每个段落的功能,把握文章的整体结构,从而准确理解文章的主旨大意。

(二)梳理文章脉络,把握文章层次

把握文章脉络是破解七选五阅读题的关键。英语的语篇通常由句子和语段构成,语段是句子和语篇之间的层次。虽然句子能够单独表达相对完整的意思,但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的意思,只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段,才能表达一个相对独立的层意,即“积句成章,积章成篇”。

此外,考生还应学会分析整篇文章的层次,分析段落之间的关系和每个段落内部的层次,也就是语篇层次。语段是篇章结构的中间层次,是由句到篇的一种过渡形式。段落是在某些文体中比语段更大的意义单位,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子。一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种,一是靠句际意义的结合,二是靠句际的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接。在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际的连接词语做出判断,但最主要的还是要分析句际的意义关系,以把握作者的思路,从语序上发现断续点,理清层次。只有层层分析,才能真正理解句子的隐含意义。

I am going to discuss some of the choices available to you and which jobs are best suited to you: popular jobs, more unusual jobs or everyday jobs.

__16__ Some jobs may seem dull but are important to society while others can appear exciting but are actually difficult and boring.One example is the so-called “cool job” of being a model or an actor.These people seem to be living a better life than others.Actually,they have to make far greater efforts than ordinary people and only a few of them are successful.Meanwhile, those who are successful and famous have to deal with constant media attention.__17__

Other popular professions include careers in law or business.Many people have ambitions to become successful as a lawyer or business person.__18__ These can be well-paid and interesting jobs, but you also have to work long hours.

On the other hand, some people find more unusual jobs suited to their talents and interests.Once I met a young man whose job was to check noise pollution in a park zone.He loved camping, and his job was like a holiday for him.__19__ There are many other people doing unusual jobs, and they love their jobs, which might not be popular, but are interesting.

Likewise, many ordinary jobs, such as shopkeepers, drivers and barbers, may look plain, but they are necessary to society.Without them, we would not go about our daily lives.

When you think about your future career, remember some cool jobs can be rather difficult and that some ordinary jobs can be quite important.__20__

A.It does not seem that cool now, does it?

B.It was easy to see that he enjoyed doing his job.

C.All of them together, though, help society function.

D.He's bored as his only neighbors were the birds in the nearby trees.

E.When choosing a career, you should consider all the aspects of the job.

F.They wear diamonds, go to parties and relax on cushions in private jets.

G.However, they may ignore the stress and pressure that come with these jobs.

本文的语篇模式属于典型的“概括—具体”模式。第一段的结尾暗示本文将介绍三种工作——popular jobs, more unusual jobs 和everyday jobs。第二至四段分别介绍了这三种工作的特点。最后一段是总结段,建议读者在选择职业时,了解不同职业的特点,从而做出明智的抉择。第16 空在段首,本空应填主题句。根据本段的关键词dull、difficult and boring、cool 和successful 可知,看似乏味的工作很重要,看似激动人心的工作却很难;当模特或演员看似很酷,实际上他们必须比常人付出更多的努力,而且只有很少人会最终成功。由此可判断,能够概括本段的大意的E 选项为本空的答案。第17空在段落结尾处,应是结论句。根据前文对模特和演员两种职业的描述可推断,当模特和演员看似很酷,实际上他们付出了超乎常人的努力,面临各种压力,生活非常不容易。因此,第17空填A。第三段陈述的是人们喜爱的两种职业:律师和商人。第18 空前的句子陈述的是很多人的目标是想从事这两种职业。第18 空后的句子陈述的是这两种职业的弊端,显然第18空填G。第四段以一个年轻人为例,介绍了unusual jobs。前文提到a young man, 故第19 空填B 以陈述该年轻人的工作情况。第20 空在全文的结尾处,也是结论句。根据前句可判断,第20 空填C 以说明社会需要各种工作,这样社会才能正常运转。

(三)关注逻辑关系,寻找解题线索

在分析语篇结构后再读文章,要关注段落中出现的关键词和文章的衔接手段,尤其要留意文章中常见的逻辑连接词。众所周知,七选五阅读的文章大多进行分层论述。其中,分述的段落通常都是由一个段落主题句、几个细节支撑句和一个总结句构成。所有的细节支撑句都是为主题句提供支撑的。考生应先观察原文中的关键词,然后判断各选项里所出现的关键词是否与文中空格前后句子中的关键词构成相近或相反的意思,从而推断出最佳选项。值得注意的是,每一段所选的答案一定要和主题句表达的意思高度吻合。见表3。

表3 七选五阅读常考的句际关系

【2023年新高考Ⅱ卷】

●Start small.I suggest using a sketchbook (素描本) for small studies.These small studies provide inspiration and may be a springboard for more complex works in the future.__36__ You'll want to look back on your journey to see how far you've come.

根据本段可知,第36空应填C,“Don't throw away your beginner art.”与下句构成因果关系。

【2023年全国甲卷】

●Practice gratitude (感激)

Thankfulness has a lot of benefits: Research shows it makes us happier, less stressed and even more optimistic.__37__.“Showing thankfulness can foster self-control,” said Ye Li, researcher at the University of California.

根据段落标题可知,本段讲述“心存感激”。第37空前的句子陈述心存感恩带来的好处,故本空填E,“It can also help us practice more patience.”与前句构成意义上的并列。

(四)研究语篇的衔接手段

语篇衔接手段的运用可以使行文更加连贯,且具有逻辑性。而语篇的衔接手段常常是七选五阅读考查的重点。语篇的衔接手段有照应与替代、指代、连接和词汇衔接等。

1.替代

替代指通过人称代词、指示代词和比较手段,与上下文中的某人或事物相呼应,用一个词去替代上文中出现过的词语。替代分为三类:名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。

【2023年全国乙卷】

Which plants can you grow?

Aloe vera, peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors.You can buy plants from supermarkets, garden centres or online.Younger plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones, and you get to care for them as they mature—which is part of the joy of owning plants.“__40__,” Spoelstra says.“It can bring a new interest and focus into people's lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”

根据段落标题可知,本段陈述的是在室内种植哪些植物。根据下文的“‘It can bring a new interest...nature.’”可判断本空填G,空格后的代词It 代替空格所填的句子“Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding”。

2.连接

逻辑联系语指那些表示各种逻辑意义的连接手段,其功能是表示两个或多个句子之间的各种逻辑关系,并表明句子是在什么意义上相互联系起来的。逻辑联系语还可表明整个语篇的各个组成部分之间语义上的联系。英语中的逻辑联系语包括:增补、转折、对比、原因和结果。

【2023年全国乙卷】

What are indoor plants?

Indoor plants, also known as houseplants or pot plants, are plants that like to grow indoors.Many of these species (物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK,especially in the winter.__37__.

本段讲述的是哪些植物是室内植物。空格前的句子讲到这些植物中的很多种不适合在户外生长,尤其是在冬季。本空填D,“Instead, they grow better inside, where it is warmer”,在语义上与前句形成对比。

3.词汇衔接

词汇衔接最常见的是词汇复现,包括:原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、上下义词与概括词复现。【2023年新高考Ⅱ卷】

●Paint often and paint from life.There's no better way to improve than to put in those brush miles.Whether you paint still lifes, portraits, or landscapes, paint from life as much as possible.__37__

本段的中心句是“Paint often and paint from life.”。根据第37 空前的句子“Whether...paint from life as much as possible.”可判断,本空填G,“You'll develop that painting muscle memory that only comes with repetition.”,句 中的repetition 就 是Paint often和paint from life as much as possible 的概括词。

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