英文目录和摘要

●SYSPOSIUM：AlgorithmicGovernance

Introduction：Algorithms for Governance：Roles，Value，and Risks

Yueping Zheng

Can Algorithmic Transparency Enhance Citizen Trust in Government？

AbstractAs algorithms become embedded in the public sector，the resulting black box of decision-making could threaten the public’s trust in authority. Transparency has become an essential pursuit of modern governance，but trust in government as it relates to algorithmic transparency is still controversial. Based on the algorithms that are part of China’s Golden Tax Project，this study used a vignette survey experiment to empirically examine the pathways of algorithmic transparency and its impact on citizen trust in government. Our findings suggest that：(1)process-based algorithmic transparency and result-based algorithmic transparency both have positive effects on the citizens’ perceived algorithmic transparency；(2)perceived algorithmic transparency can improve citizen trust in government；and，(3)citizen trust in algorithms plays a partial mediating effect in perceived algorithmic transparency and citizen trust in government. This paper clarifies the concept of algorithmic transparency，empirically responds to the myth of algorithmic transparency and trust，elucidates the strengthening mechanism therein，and suggests practical implications for promoting good governance in the algorithm era.

KeyWordsAlgorithmic Transparency；Trust in Government；Trust in Algorithms；Survey Experiment

Algorithms Governance in the “Black-Box”：Experimentation and Exploration of Platform Recommendation Algorithms Supervision

Nan Zhang，Tao Yan &Teng Zhang

AbstractIn recent years，the rapid development and widespread application of platform recommendation algorithms have changed the supply mode of Internet information content，while causing a series of risks and practical challenges. The governance and supervision of platform recommendation algorithms have become key aspects of government regulation of algorithm applications. The implementation of algorithm filing system and algorithm transparency are faced with difficulties and challenges. Is there a feasible way for the regulation and supervision of platform recommendation algorithms without opening the algorithm “black-box”？Based on the machine behavior and the experimental methods，the study tracked and recorded recommendation results from the user perspective.Through comparative analysis of experimental data，the measurability of the differences in platform recommendation algorithms results was verified. Based on the experimental results，this work proposes a set of measure schemes of the operational logic and recommendation effectiveness of platform recommendation algorithms based on a large-scale data testing and verification on recommendation results from different platforms for achieving substantive supervision in the “black-box” and enriching approach choices of algorithms governance in future．

KeyWordsRecommendation Algorithms；AlgorithmsGovernance；Supervision of Algorithms；Machine Behavior

The Characteristics and Evolution of Algorithmic Risk Perception in Automated Administrative Discretion：Big Data Analysis Based on Online Public Opinions

Xin Liang &Tianying Liu

AbstractAs the application of automated administrative discretion becomes more extensive and diverse，the risks of algorithm power expansion，alienation，and rent-seeking is becoming more significant. This poses a challenge to the government’s algorithm governance. Using the big data analysis method，this study mined 9328 microblog posts related to the incident of depositors’ health codes being assigned red codes in some village banks in Henan Province. The results show that the public was highly sensitive to algorithmic risks，with explosive public opinion and extremely negative emotional values. Opinion leaders presented the most negative emotions. Public attention shows high spatial concentration，with stronger concentration in economically developed regions. There are significant differences in the public emotions of the two red-coded events. And，with the evolution of events，the focus of attention for different subjects presents a high degree of heterogeneity. Based on the results of this study，the government faces challenges in the algorithmic governance of automatic administrative discretion. These include the unclear boundaries of the algorithmic power of administrative discretion，and the principal-agent problem that may lead to moral hazards and rent-seeking. Timely and effective risk communication can enhance public trust and avoid negative attitudes.

KeyWordsAlgorithm；Administrative Discretion；Risk；The Big Data

The Impact of Algorithm Transparency on Perceived Trustworthiness in Voluntary Service：The Moderating Effect of Service Motivation

Yuan Sun，Jianing Mi &Luning Liu

AbstractFrom the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China’s proposal to “institutionalize volunteer service” to the 20th Congress’s emphasis on “improving the volunteer service system，” volunteer service has become an essential element of China’s social service system. The emphasis on and encouragement of volunteer work not only demonstrate the independence of individuals but also indicate an advance in social civilization. Although there have been notable successes in the number of volunteers and the areas in which they serve in China over the last thirty years，participation rates remain low and continue to hinder the long-term growth of volunteer services. The academic community has endeavored to utilize algorithmic recommendations to improve public comprehension and engagement in response to this challenge. The issue of user trust in algorithms，especially in the context of volunteer services，poses challenges to their implementation. The study examines algorithmic recommendations for volunteer service activities，using a survey experiment to assess how volunteer service motivations affect the relationship between algorithm transparency and algorithm trust. The experimental findings suggest that：(1)volunteers demonstrate greater trust in transparent algorithms in comparison to opaque ones；(2)the influence of algorithm transparency on algorithm trust is moderated by the motivations behind volunteer service，in which volunteers exhibit higher levels of trust in algorithms that are congruent with their motivations；and，(3)the congruence between volunteer service motivations and algorithm decision logic has a stronger positive influence on algorithm transparency，particularly among volunteers who are motivated by self-interest. This paper aims to establish a discourse with the current scholarship in the domains of algorithm trust and volunteer services. By examining how volunteer service motivations influence the relationship between algorithm transparency and algorithm trust，the study expands on past research in the field of algorithm governance. At the same time，it offers practical suggestions to officials on how they may improve the trust that volunteers have in algorithmic recommendations.

KeyWordsVoluntary Service；Volunteer Motivation；Algorithm Trust；Perceived Consistency.

Algorithmic Administration：Literature Review and Research Prospects

Te Liu，Yueping Zheng &Mengbing Cao

AbstractThe gradual application of algorithms in government governance promotes the improvement of administrative efficiency and paradigm shift，but also brings a series of risks that need to be effectively regulated. To better understand the systematic impact of algorithms on public administration，understand the overall picture of existing research，and further advance the research process in this field，this study systematically combed the literature that analyzes and discusses important issues in algorithmic administration. This includes the origins and connotations，organizational forms，effectiveness evaluations，influencing factors，risk types，and regulation. We found that algorithmic administration is a new organizational mode in which the traditional bureaucracy has developed to a certain stage as algorithms and public administration have been integrated. It also appears in diversified organizational forms in the actual operation process. The development of algorithmic administration is influenced by multiple factors such as technological and institutional environment，organizational capacity，and public value. The risks include the opacity of algorithmic systems，technological dependence，democratic accountability，bias and discrimination，and institutional adaptability，among others. Risk regulation needs to be understood and implemented from multiple perspectives，including value，technology，supervision，system，and collaboration. Future research should further introduce relevant theories and perspectives from disciplines such as law，political science，library and information science，and computer science. This use of diverse methods and scenario selection could then systematically analyze the conceptual connotations，formation mechanisms，risk challenges，and other issues inherent to algorithmic administration and thereby explore its administration mode in the institutional context of China.

KeyWordsAlgorithmic Administration；Artificial Intelligence；Perceived Risk；Risk Regulation

●ARTICLES

The Design Logic of High-quality Public Policies

Ruichang Li &Huajing Lin

AbstractHigh-quality public policy is the pursuit and expectation of administrators and the public. As artefacts，policies are products of design. Policy design theory developed by western scholars reflects policy process theory and policy instrument theory. Scholars believe these theories focus too much on process and neglect policy content. However，the design of policy instruments is relatively unexamined. The extant scholarship is oriented to policy goals. Public policy in China exists in a multi-text environment，in which the design process is intertwined with the policy process. To fill the research gap，this paper proposes a triple design logic of high-quality public policies，which includes policy instrument design，process integrated design，and policy continuous design. Among them，the policy instrument design aims to find concrete measures for the constantly refined policy goals；process integrated design integrates the design and political processes to improve the quality of the policy，and the continuous design makes policy content adaptive to the changing policy environment as well as the multi-level policy system. Therefore，the design logic of high-quality policies not only includes the logic of interaction among policymakers，policy designers，and policy participants，but also the logic of optimization of scientific，democratic，and technical decision-making.

KeyWordsHigh-Quality Policy；Policy Design；Instrument Design；Integrated Design；Continuous Design

Infrastructure，Market Entities and Local Fiscal Impact：Evidence from the Speed Increase of Railways

Junming Zhu &Bofeng Li

AbstractImproving local government motivation and effectiveness is a key to deepening the reform and modernizing the governance system. The traditional perspective of intergovernmental relations fails to account for the positive role of increasingly active market entities in local governance. This role may ease the long-term accumulation of local fiscal pressure and improve local governance. This paper explores the potential impact of reduced spatial friction from improved transportation infrastructure on the promotion of market prosperity and the improvement of local fiscal conditions. We adopted an event study design，focusing on China’s railway speed increase in 2007. Results show that the local per capita fiscal deficit was significantly reduced after the speed increase，and the effect continued to grow incrementally over time. The effect mainly came from the reduction of per capita fiscal expenditure rather than the increase in fiscal revenue. Local public goods such as education，medical care，and technological innovation that had long relied on fiscal expenditure did not decrease，but instead，increased. These effects were accompanied by the prosperity of market entities，significant development of the private economy，and a substantial increase in labor supply. With the continuous adjustment of the role of the government and that of the market，improving local governance effectiveness and fiscal conditions should incorporate the role of market entities in the supply of local public goods. Focusing on the means to promote market development can provide a long-term path toward improving local governance.

KeyWordsLocal Government Motivation；Railway Infrastructure；Local Finance；Public Goods Provision；Government and Market

The Effect of Labor Collaboration Policy on Employment Promotion：A Difference-in-Difference Analysis Based on China’s Provincial Panel Data

Luchan Liu

AbstractLabor collaboration based on tripartite cooperation among public employment service agencies，employers，and job seekers is a new public governance practice in the field of public employment services. Judging whether and how this kind of organized collective transfer employment services through the tripartite collaboration can promote employment has both theoretical and practical utility. To open the operational black box of labor collaboration policy，a difference-in-difference model was constructed based on the panel data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government)from 2005 to 2019. The study’s findings are as follows. (1)The collaboration between public employment service agencies，employers，and job seekers formed a special subject composition of motivation and relationships，and then formed the advantages of resource integration and complementarity，consistent quality and efficiency goals，long-term mutual benefit，so the employment promotion effect is remarkable. (2)Labor collaboration policies can digest the stock of the unemployed by improving measures such as collective bargaining，order-based matching，and batch placement，and curb increases in unemployment through dynamic selection，practical training，and directional transfer，thereby achieving the goal of unemployment risk resolution and prevention，and ultimately promote employment. (3)Labor collaboration policies work better when implemented in areas where industrial production is the main industry and the proportion of long-term unemployed is large. This study actively responds to the discussion on the effectiveness of the labor collaboration policy，enriches the policy toolbox of employment promotion，and provides new empirical evidence for the application of new public governance theory in the field of public service in China.

KeyWordsLabor Collaboration Policy；Employment Promotion；Unemployment Risks；Difference-in-Difference

Does Technology Promote Departmental Collaboration in Complex Task Situations？A Case Study of the Modern Command Center of Social Governance in S City

Lei Wang &Xiaofang Wang

AbstractPrevious studies tend to posit that technology promotes departmental collaboration as observed from the perspective of technology and organizational interaction and as a strategic behavior adopted by grassroots governments in response to complex task situations. What has received no attention is the power dimension behind it. This article focuses on the core issue of how technology can achieve government department collaboration from the perspective of power. S city’s modern command center for social governance was selected as a case study to explore technology’s affects，if any，on the power relationship among government departments. Research suggests that distributed governance follows the action logic of the adaptation of “task context，technology application &governance behavior”，benchmarking complex task scenarios，and promoting government departments to form an “intelligent integrated task community” around “efficient disposal of a matter” through the coordination function of platform technology. This task community implies a nested organizational structure with “bureaucracy as the body and technology as the application”，as well as a new power structure，a distributed power network，with loosely coupled departmental relationships that complement each other. As a microtheory rooted in the context of grassroots governance in Chinese cities，distributed governance enriches the theoretical scenarios of grassroots governance，revises the theoretical assumptions of traditional grassroots governance mechanism choices，and improves the symbiosis of the technological and bureaucratic governance. At the same time，by reflecting on the traditional research path of the relationship between technology and bureaucratic organizations，the power dimension is reintroduced into the study of the relationship between technology and organization，which expands the existing research perspective. Distributed governance also provides an exploratory answer to the question of “optimizing the digital transformation and technological innovation of grassroots governance.”

KeyWordsDistributed Governance；Distributed Power Network；Horizontal Coordination；Complex Situation；Technology Governance

●THEORETICALREVIEWS

Felt Accountability in Public Administration：Analytic Framework and Research Agenda

Yanwei Li &Chenbi Xu

AbstractAs a cornerstone of democratic governance，accountability can never be underestimated. Despite objective institutional accountability，individuals will inevitably create their own perceptions and interpretations，which inform their action or inaction. Felt accountability has the potential to bridge the gap between institutional accountability and individual behaviors，leading to the high efficacy of accountability institutions. It has received sufficient scholarly attention from the international public administration field. We first reviewed relevant studies conducted by international public administration scholars and developed a new analytic framework surrounding eight conditions at the individual，organizational，and institutional levels. At the individual level，we focused on three conditions：self-efficacy，discretion，and relationships with supervisors. At the organizational level，we examined two conditions：organizational support and organizational transparency. At the institutional level，we investigated three conditions：the characteristics of account-holders，the characteristics of accountability standards，and the characteristics of the accountability process and content. Chinese public administration scholars should pay more attention to the following issues：constructing theory，exploring the explanations，consequences，and management of felt accountability，and contributing to the field of felt accountability.

KeyWordsPublic Administration；Felt Accountability；Research Agenda；Analytic Framework