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代谢相关脂肪性肝病对颈动脉狭窄程度的影响

2023-04-29姜梓萌陈宇航张志娇郑梦瑶李未华黄华赵公芳

临床肝胆病杂志 2023年8期
关键词:病史颈动脉硬化

姜梓萌 陈宇航 张志娇 郑梦瑶 李未华 黄华 赵公芳

摘要:目的探討分析代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)对颈动脉狭窄的影响。方法随机纳入2014年1月1日—2020年6月30日在昆明医科大学第二附属医院消化内科住院期间同时行腹部超声、颈部血管超声的834例患者,收集基线资料、临床诊断,根据病史、临床检验及影像学指标分为MAFLD组(n=469)和非MAFLD组(n=365)。颈动脉按照狭窄程度分为:正常血管、狭窄<50%,狭窄≥50%。符合正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析颈动脉狭窄的影响因素。结果MAFLD组患者颈动脉狭窄≥50%的比例高于非MAFLD患者,差异有统计学意义(10.66% vs 5.21%,χ2=8.050,P=0.005)。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性患者、吸烟、MAFLD、BMI、TC、HDL、服用降脂药、收缩压、高血压或服药、2型糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗,AST在两组间差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。校正了性别、吸烟、HDL、BMI、高血压病史或服药、2型糖尿病、AST后,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示MAFLD是颈动脉狭窄≥50%的危险因素(OR=1.979,95%CI:1.055~3.713,P=0.033)。结论MAFLD是颈动脉狭窄≥50%形成的独立危险因素。关键词:代谢相关脂肪性肝病; 动脉粥样硬化; 颈动脉狭窄; 危险因素基金项目:云南省“万人计划”名医人才专项(YNWR-MY-2019-074)

Influence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease on the degree of carotid stenosisJIANG Zimeng, CHEN Yuhang, ZHANG Zhijiao, ZHENG Mengyao, LI Weihua, HUANG Hua, ZHAO Gongfang. (Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, China)Corresponding author:ZHAO Gongfang, zhaogongfangedu@163.com (ORCID:0000-0001-9178-1567)Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) on carotid stenosis. MethodsThis study was conducted among the patients who underwent abdominal ultrasound and cervical vascular ultrasound at the same time during hospitalization in Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2020, and baseline data and clinical diagnosis were collected. According to medical history, clinical tests, and imaging indicators, they were divided into MAFLD group with 469 patients and non-MAFLD group with 365 patients. Carotid artery were assessed as normal carotid artery, carotid stenosis <50%, and carotid stenosis ≥50% according to the degree of stenosis. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed quantitative data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of qualitative data between two groups. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors carotid stenosis. ResultsCompared with the non-MAFLD group, the MAFLD group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with carotid stenosis ≥50% (10.66% vs 5.21%, χ2=8.050, P=0.005). The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of male patients, smoking, MAFLD, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), administration of lipid-lowering drugs, systolic pressure, hypertension or medication, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). After adjustment for sex, smoking, HDL, BMI, history of hypertension or medication, type 2 diabetes, and AST, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MAFLD was a risk factor for carotid stenosis (≥50%) (odds ratio=1.979, 95% confidence interval: 1.055-3.713, P=0.033). ConclusionMAFLD is an independent risk factor for carotid stenosis (≥50%).Key words:Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease; Atherosclerosis; Carotid Stenosis; Risk FactorsResearch funding:Yunnan Province “Ten Thousand Talents Plan” Famous Medical Talents Project(YNWR-MY-2019-074)

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与代谢异常密切相关,为便于识别更多的脂肪相关的高危疾病,2020年国际专家小组建议将NAFLD改名为代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)[1]。据相关数据统计,我国MAFLD的患病率已达到35.58%,成为我国最常见的肝脏疾病[2]。既往有研究表明,NAFLD是动脉粥样硬化的一个危险因素。与健康人相比,NAFLD受试者的血管舒张功能受损,颈动脉内膜厚度增加,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率升高[3]。缺血性心脑血管疾病,包括冠心病、脑梗死和脑出血,是全世界范围内最主要的死亡原因[4],也成为了NAFLD患者最主要的死亡原因[5],而颈动脉狭窄是急性缺血性事件发生的重要风险因素[6]。目前国内外关于MAFLD与颈动脉狭窄的研究较少,本回顾性研究旨在明确MAFLD与不同程度颈动脉狭窄之间的关系。

1资料与方法

1.1研究对象随机纳入2014年1月1日—2020年6月30日在昆明医科大学第二附属医院消化内科住院期间同时行腹部超声、颈部血管超声的患者。MAFLD诊断标准按照2020年最新国际专家共识[1],基于肝组织学或影像学或血液生物标志物证据提示存在肝脂肪变性,同时合并以下3项条件之一者可诊断为MAFLD:(1)超重/肥胖(BMI:白种人>25 kg/m2,亚洲人>23 kg/m2);(2)2型糖尿病;(3)代谢功能障碍。排除标准:(1)年龄<18岁;(2)出院时已明确诊断为恶性肿瘤;(3)甲状腺功能减退或甲状腺亚临床功能减退患者;(4)妊娠妇女;(5)基础疾病繁多不宜进行研究者、患有精神疾病者;(6)肝移植患者;(7)院内死亡。所有患者按腹部超声及临床资料结果分为MAFLD组和非MAFLD组。

1.2研究方法

1.2.1收集记录基线资料和实验室检查指标人口学资料包括:性别、年龄、身高、体质量、BMI。危险因素包括:吸烟史、高血压病史及服药史、糖尿病病史、血脂异常服药史。重要生命体征及实验室检查指标:空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、空腹胰岛素,入院后第1次血压、血脂(TC、HDL)、肝功能(AST、ALT)检查结果。

1.2.2腹部超声及血管超声检测采用Aplio500彩色多普勒超声仪(日本东芝),探头频率7.5 MHz。由经验丰富的超声科医师检查,如检查结果存在争议,则由两位超声科医师进行商讨,直到达成一致意见。超声诊断脂肪肝标准:肝脏影像提示肝脏回声增强、肝体积增大、肝脏内管道系统回声显示不清。颈动脉粥样硬化定义为:单侧或双侧的颈总动脉、颈外动脉、颈内动脉外段及分叉处的管壁僵硬、内-中膜(IMT)增厚、内膜下脂质沉积和/或斑块形成。根据2020年美国超声心动图学会建议,1.0 mm≤IMT<1.5 mm为颈动脉IMT增厚,IMT≥1.5mm和/或有斑块形成定义为颈动脉斑块。颈动脉分为正常血管(无狭窄)和颈动脉狭窄(包括<50%狭窄;≥50%狭窄或闭塞)。(1)正常动脉(没有狭窄):颈内动脉收缩期峰值流速(peak systolic velocity,PSV)<125 cm/s,并且看不到斑块形成或内膜增厚;(2)<50%狭窄:颈内动脉 PSV<125 cm/s,可观察到斑块形成或内膜增厚;(3)≥50%狭窄或闭塞:当颈内动脉 PSV≥125 cm/s且有斑块形成,或超声检查发现动脉血管腔内充填异常回声,在彩色多普勒血流成像模式下,从近段至远段(入颅前段) 均未探及血流信号;在彩色多普勒血流成像模式下或能量多普勒成像模式下病變血管腔内血流成像呈“细线征”[7]。

1.3统计学方法使用 SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以M(P25~P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析颈动脉狭窄的影响因素。P<0.05时为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1一般资料共纳入患者834例,其中MAFLD组469例,非MAFLD组365例。与非MAFLD组患者相比,MAFLD组患者年龄相对较小,女性多于男性,吸烟患者较多,体质量、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、ALT、AST、TC明显较高,HDL较低(P值均<0.05)。在MAFLD组中,有高血压病史或服药史、2型糖尿病病史、糖尿病前期、胰岛素抵抗、服用降脂药的患者较多(P值均<0.05)。两组在身高方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。

2.2颈动脉狭窄的影响因素MAFLD组中颈动脉狭窄≥50%患者比例为10.66%(50/469),非MAFLD患者中的比例为5.21%(19/365),前者高于后者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.005)。两组在正常血管及颈动脉狭窄<50%方面差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表2)。

为明确颈动脉狭窄≥50%的影响因素,将是否为颈动脉狭窄≥50%作为因变量,首先将表1中组间比较有统计学意义的因素作为自变量纳入单因素Logistic回归分析,发现男性患者、吸烟、MAFLD、BMI、TC、HDL、服用降脂药、收缩压、高血压或服药、2型糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗,AST有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表3)。再将表3中有统计学意义的因素作为自变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,多次校正危险因素后,提示MAFLD是颈动脉狭窄≥50%的独立危险因素(P<0.05)(表4)。

3讨论

MAFLD已成为我国最常见的肝脏疾病,据相关研究[8]统计,我国MAFLD的患病率已达到41.58/1 000人。在纳入本研究的834例患者中,经腹部超声及临床资料诊断为MAFLD的患者比例为56.23%(469/834)。相对于非MAFLD组,MAFLD组患者年龄较小,女性占比高,吸烟患者较多;MAFLD组患者体质量、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、ALT、AST、TC较高,而HDL则较低。存在胰岛素抵抗或糖尿病前期的患者,既往有高血压病病史、2型糖尿病病史、长期服用降压药或降脂药的患者,相比之下则更容易患MAFLD。这可能与社会经济快速发展所导致的人民生活节奏的加快、饮食结构的转变、作息的紊乱以及体育锻炼的减少相关。

MAFLD和動脉粥样硬化经常共存,因为二者存在共同的致病机制。胰岛素抵抗和炎症反应可能起着重要的中介作用[9-11]。随着脂肪的积累、氧化应激、巨噬细胞的活化,MAFLD可通过慢性炎症反应和脂肪因子失衡的共同途径导致动脉内皮功能障碍,加速动脉粥样硬化的发展[12-13]。最近有研究[14-17]表明,MAFLD和动脉粥样硬化可能在肠道微生物以及miRNA两方面上也存在着机制上的相关性。关于MAFLD的逆转在低纤维化患者中特异性保护作用的研究,也支持了MAFLD晚期可能通过炎症反应对血管结构和功能造成不可逆的损害[18],从而引起或加重包括颈动脉内膜增厚以及动脉斑块形成在内的颈动脉粥样硬化。

既往有研究[19-20]表明,NAFLD患者发生颈动脉狭窄(≥50%)的比例较高,且两者之间存在正相关关系。本研究观察到与非MAFLD组患者相比,MAFLD组患者颈动脉狭窄≥50%的患病率较高(10.66%),而在正常血管和动脉狭窄<50%的患者中,差异并无统计学意义。单因素Logistic回归分析显示,MAFLD与颈动脉狭窄≥50%有关(P<0.05),在校正了性别、吸烟、HDL、BMI、高血压病史或服药、2型糖尿病病史、AST后,多因素Logistic回归分析提示MAFLD为颈动脉狭窄≥50%的独立危险因素(P=0.033)。

我国脑卒中患者中缺血性脑卒中约占80%左右,而其中25%~30%的颈动脉狭窄与缺血性脑卒中有着密切的关系[21]。颈动脉狭窄的主要原因是颈动脉粥样硬化,可由内中膜增厚及斑块形成所导致,颈动脉狭窄是颈动脉粥样硬化发展的严重阶段,因此对于狭窄程度≥50%的颈动脉狭窄患者进行复查评估狭窄的进展以及对治疗性干预的反应是有益的。持续性的NAFLD与更高的颈动脉粥样硬化风险相关[22], NAFLD患者的动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(包括冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、脑梗死和脑出血)发病率高于非MAFLD患者[23-24]。动脉粥样硬化性颈动脉疾病在美国每年缺血性中风病例中约占25%[25]。大部分颈动脉狭窄的患者并没有任何临床症状,有研究[26]表明,在无症状的颈动脉狭窄患者中,约有50%的患者会出现认知障碍,可能与颈动脉狭窄限制血液流向大脑,从而导致脑灌注不足有关。然而,一项研究[27]报告称,在被诊断为冠状动脉疾病的患者中,代谢综合征与颈动脉狭窄(狭窄≥50%)无关,该研究中相对较小的样本量(n=168)可能能够部分解释这种不一致结果的存在。此外,新定义的MAFLD涵盖了许多既往代谢综合征所不包括的内容,可能也是造成不一致研究结果的部分原因。一项使用肝活检来诊断NAFLD的研究[28]证明,NAFLD与冠状动脉疾病之间呈正相关关系(OR=1.154)。因此,MAFLD与颈动脉狭窄(≥50%)之间正相关研究的结果可能会在一定程度上解释MAFLD患者患脑血管疾病的风险较高,这可能会增加现有证据和对患者风险预测的影响。

本研究尚有一定局限性:首先,临床资料中未包含高敏C反应蛋白及腰围,对于实际可诊断为MAFLD患者的数量可能存在一定的差异;其次,尽管在多因素Logistic回归分析模型中调整了许多代谢风险因素,但不能排除一些残留或未检测到的混杂因素。本研究由于无法取得病理活检,因此通过病史及临床资料诊断为MAFLD与病理活检实际情况可能存在差异。

伦理学声明:本研究方案于2022年4月8日经由昆明医科大学第二附属医院伦理委员会审批,批号:审-PJ-科-2022-108,患者均签署知情同意书。利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。作者贡献声明:姜梓萌负责文章的构思设计,论文撰写与修订;陈宇航、张志娇负责数据的获取及分析处理过程;郑梦瑶、李未华负责研究思路的设计;黄华、赵公芳参与修改文章的关键内容。

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收稿日期:2022-11-16;录用日期:2023-01-13

本文编辑:王莹

引证本文:JIANG ZM, CHEN YH, ZHANG ZJ,  et al. Influence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease on the degree of carotid stenosis[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(8): 1874-1879.

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