基于主题意义探究的小学英语绘本融合阅读教学
——以译林版《英语》五年级上册Unit 4 Hobbies为例
2022-11-29蔡爱萍
□蔡爱萍
对主题意义的探究是语言学习的重要内容。教材是教学的主要资源,但仅用教材进行教学是不够的。教师要突破教材的制约,合理开发、充分利用教材以外的素材,选择具有正确育人导向的,真实、完整、多样的英语材料,如与教材单元主题情境相匹配的英语绘本等学习材料,弥补教材在题材丰富程度、难易程度、趣味性、输入量等方面的局限,促进学生核心素养的发展。在主题意义探究理念下实施教材与绘本的融合教学,是丰富英语课程资源,发展学生思维,培养学生情感态度和价值观的有效途径。
本文以译林版《英语》五年级上册Unit 4 Hobbies和译林出版社的《“跟上兔子”小学英语分级绘本》(六年级 第1季)A big basketball fan的融合阅读课为例,阐述基于主题意义探究的小学英语绘本融合阅读的教学策略。
一、多元解读教材,甄选融合绘本
绘本A big basketball fan的主人公Jack热爱和篮球有关的一切事物,但是他并不擅长打篮球,因此最初没能加入梦寐以求的学校篮球队,这让他十分沮丧。但是擅长绘画的他并不气馁,而是创作了许多与篮球有关的作品,并为学校篮球队设计LOGO和海报,这一切使他成了“a big basketball fan”。
根据克拉申输入假说,可理解性输入遵循“i+1”原则,教材语言的难度可以看作是“i”,选择语言难度略高、可适当拓展的绘本“1”是促进学生语言习得、发展学生内部语言系统的重要方式。教材中,本单元的话题是兴趣爱好,学生通过学习,能够使用“I like...,I am good at...”等句型谈论自己的兴趣爱好,用“He/She likes...He/She is good at...”介绍他人的兴趣爱好。绘本复现了如“be good at”“can do”等教材中的语言知识,还拓展了“club、team、dribbling、shooting、dunking”等与兴趣爱好关联较大的词汇,符合“i+1”原则。且教材围绕“介绍兴趣爱好”展开,绘本聚焦“理性看待和发展兴趣爱好”,二者主题高度契合,适合开展融合教学。
二、融贯新旧知识,定位主题意义
(一)课前导入,唤醒已有旧知
【教学片段1】
T:Just now,we enjoyed a video.What’s the video about?
S:It is about hobbies.
T:In Unit 4,we have learned a lot about hobbies.Could you tell me about your hobbies?
(PPT出示图片和句型,辅助学生表达,如图1。)
图1
S:I like...
T:Your hobbies are really cool.Among these hobbies,which one is my hobby?
S:Do you like…?
(学生猜中“playing basketball”。)
T:Yes.I like playing basketball.Do you like playing basketball?If you like,stand up and let me see.
T:Wow,you are basketball fans!Maybe we can play together.
T:I am good at playing basketball.It’s really fun.Boys and girls,what are you good at?
(PPT出示句型和图片,辅助学生表达,如图2。)
图2
【教学分析】
作为一节绘本融合阅读课,教师在引入绘本前应首先激活学生关于“兴趣爱好”主题的背景知识,为学生阅读绘本和理解主题意义做好铺垫。教师在课前通过一段介绍hobbies的动画视频带领学生回顾了不同的兴趣爱好及表达方式,直接有效地唤起了学生的原有知识储备。接着,教师通过谈论动画视频,引入本课主题hobbies。学生在图文的辅助下,结合本单元已学知识和自身实际情况猜测教师的爱好,介绍自己的爱好和天赋,从而达到梳理、概括、内化、运用语言的目的。教师在倾听学生发言的过程中,适时进行评价,给予反馈,不断丰富课堂语言,丰盈主题情境。
(二)创设语境,激发学习兴趣
【教学片段2】
T:Boys and girls,what do you think of hobbies?
S:Hobbies make our life...
(学生根据PPT提示句型评价爱好。)
T:Hobbies make our life fun.We usually enjoy our hobbies after school,at weekends or during holidays.We can also enjoy our hobbies in after-school clubs or teams.Do you have any clubs or teams in your school?
S1:We have a dancing club and a reading club.
S2:We have a swimming team and a football team.
T:I think there are many colourful clubs and teams in your school.Look at these children in our books.They are also in the school teams or clubs.What clubs or teams are they in?
(PPT出示课文图片和句型,提示学生猜测教材中的人物参加的team或club,如图3。)
图3
T:What about you?What clubs or teams are you in?
(PPT出示句型和图片,辅助学生表达,如图4。)
图4
T:I think the school team or club is a place where we can play,where we can learn,where we can make friends together.Because we have the same hobbies.It’s really fun.
【教学分析】
息息相关的情境、轻松愉悦的互动教学氛围能让学生主动参与教学活动。师生通过回顾、分析、整合教材内容,挖掘教材与绘本的衔接点,重组已学知识,拓展主题语言,丰富人文精神。在此过程中,学生积极阅读,不断学习语言知识,拓宽知识视野。
教师在引入绘本前营造了与主题相吻合的语境——school clubs and teams,带领学生学习语言知识;通过链接教材板块,挖掘图文内涵,让学生猜测文本中的人物可能参加的teams和clubs,激活学生的思维;让学生联系自身生活实际,结合已有知识和新学知识,谈谈自己参加的teams和clubs,在教材与绘本之间搭建桥梁,以此完善语境,丰富语料,提高学生的语言能力,为探索主题意义做好铺垫。
三、深度推进理解,探究主题意义
(一)解读图片,理解文本内涵
【教学片段3】
T:Look at this little boy,his name is Jack.He also wants to join the school team.Guess,what school team does he want to join?
S:He wants to join the drawing team.
T:Why?
S:Because I think he likes drawing.He can draw well.
(学生观察图片,猜测Jack想加入的team,如图5。)
图5
T:But that’s your thought.Let’s read the whole story and answer this question.
(学生听读整个故事,结合图片,验证猜测。)
T:What school team does he want to join?
S:He wants to join the basketball team.
T:Why does he want to join it?Look at his bedroom,what can you see?
S1:I can see many basketballs on the curtains.
S2:I can see a basketball on the bed.
S3:He is drawing a picture about basketball.
T:So we know he is a big basketball fan.He loves everything about basketball.Look at the picture and tell me what he loves doing about basketball?
(学生根据图片回答问题。)
S1:He loves watching basketball matches.
S2:He loves drawing pictures about basketball.
T:The match is very exciting.He cheers for his favourite team.Do you know the meaning of cheer?Look at the picture again and guess.
(学生再次看图,猜测cheer的意思。)
【教学分析】
日本图画书大师松居直曾这样定义绘本:文×图,即绘本不是简单的图文叠加,只有有效地结合图文,充分发挥图画的作用,才能读好绘本。但学生受成长阅历的限制,在经验和知识储备等方面存在不足,难免会遇到生词和句子。教师应避免逐词逐句的讲解,或直接告知学生生词、句子的意思,而应把握绘本图画所提供的价值,带领学生通过观察、思考和探究,掌握语言知识,理解文本内涵以及其所要传递的主题意义。
教师首先呈现了Jack作画的图片,引导学生猜测Jack想要加入的学校社团。然后呈现完整的绘本图片,让学生通过观察、想象、逻辑推理,判断和证实猜测是否正确。比结论更重要的是学生探究的过程。教师是文本解读的先行者,但不能做结论的传递者。床上摆放的篮球、窗帘上的篮球图案、墙上篮球明星的照片、正在创作的与篮球有关的图画……无不向学生透露着重要信息——Jack is a big basketball fan.He loves everything about basketball.
(二)解读留白,丰盈想象空间
【教学片段4】
T:One day,the school basketball team is recruiting new members.Jack wants to have a try.But the coach thinks Jack cannot jump high or move fast.He has no talent.Look at Jack,he is really sad.If you were Jack,what would you say?What would you think?
S1:It’s too difficult.
S2:I hate basketball.I don’t like basketball any more.
S3:I will never give up.
【教学分析】
绘本中的留白体现在图画或非连续性文字中。它留给师生丰富的想象空间,对塑造人物形象和推动故事情节发展具有重要作用。教师在解读绘本时,应挖掘其中的留白,引导学生积极补白,从而发展学生的思维品质。该绘本中有多处留白,教师应适时创造机会,引导学生从故事人物的角度出发,对他们可能有的语言、行为以及心理活动进行推测,完成补白。教师引导学生将自己当作故事中的人物,促使学生和文本进行对话,让学生在思考和演绎人物的心理活动的同时,理解作者的写作意图,实现阅读者与文本的交流。由此,学生能够产生情感共鸣,为把握主题意义,从表层学习走向深度阅读打下基础。
(三)设置问题,辅助主题理解
【教学片段5】
T:Does he lose interest in his hobby?Please read from page 12 to page 15.Try to find the answer.
(学生自读,回答问题。)
T:One day,in an art lesson,the students are asked to draw their favourite sport.What does Jack draw?How is his drawing?
(学生评价Jack的画。)
T:The students give him big hands.At this moment,what does he think?
(学生猜测Jack的心理活动。)
T:Practice makes perfect.Jack wants to do something for the basketball team.What does he do for the team?Please read and finish the story mountain.
(学生阅读文本细节,补足story mountain上缺失的信息。)
【教学分析】
主题意义的探究离不开思维的参与。解决问题的过程有助于学生理解故事文本、提升思维能力、挖掘主题意义。教师应根据学生当下的认知水平和探究主题意义的需求,设计逻辑清晰、层次合理的问题链,帮助学生在阅读探究中理解主题意义。
教师根据故事情节发展的走向,设计了以下主要问题。
1.Jack is not good at playing basketball.Does he lose interest in his hobby?
2.He draws a picture about O’Neal.How is his drawing?
3.Everyone praises his drawing,what does he think?
4.What does he do for the team?
5.Does he join the team at last?
6.What do you think of Jack?
其中,问题2、3、4属于信息性问题,学生可以在文本中直接提取信息;问题1、5属于理解性问题,学生在阅读的过程中,逐渐理出清晰的故事脉络并将story mountain(如图6)补充完整;问题6属于批判性问题,旨在让学生联系自身实际表达观点,构建正确的价值观,在探究意义的过程中理解主题。
图6
四、链接现实生活,升华主题意义
【教学片段6】
T:Do you have any hobbies you are not good at?
(PPT呈现句型,辅助学生表达。)
T:Don’t give up.Just keep your hobbies.Practise hard.That can help you improve your skills.
T:Do you have enough time on your hobbies?Look,I will show you the results of your quiz.
1.The TV and computer don’t control your life.
2.The TV and computer don’t control your life.But you should be careful.
3.The TV and computer control your life.Keep away from them.Do something different.
T:Enjoy your hobbies and study.
【教学分析】
教师应寻找文本主题与学生生活的对接点,进一步加强学生对主题意义的理解。在了解Jack的故事后,教师设计了这样一个问题来引导学生反思:Do you have any hobbies you are not good at?学生在教师的引导下,结合实际生活经验对自己的兴趣爱好进行评价。教师也适时作出正向的反馈,鼓励学生即使不擅长也不要轻言放弃,要坚定信念,勤勉练习,之后定会熟能生巧,甚至获得超越。
当有学生说到“I will practise hard.”时,教师追问:Do you have enough time on your hobbies?为了解学生是否拥有足够的时间发展自己的兴趣爱好,教师在课前让学生完成了主题为“Does TV or computer control your life?”的问卷,并在课上公布了数据结果。最后,根据数据结果,教师呼吁学生不要沉迷电子产品,要健康地、积极地发展自己的兴趣爱好。至此,学生对“兴趣爱好”这一主题有了更深广的理解,也实现了主题意义的延伸和升华。
基于主题意义探究理念的小学英语绘本融合阅读教学,通过多种方式和手段融合教材与绘本,以主题为引领,将主题探究贯穿于阅读始终,以此激发学生的阅读兴趣,提升学生的阅读素养,凸显英语学科的人文性,实现育人的使命。