猩猩的招呼语

山东 孙启禄

1Just like people, chimpanzees (黑 猩 猩)and bonobos(倭黑猩猩)aren't ones leaving with⁃out saying goodbye. Apes purposefully use sig⁃nals to begin and end social interactions—behav⁃iors not typically seen outside of humans until now, according to a new study published in the journaliScience.

2Researchers studied more than 1,200 interactions with groups of chimpanzees and bonobos in zoos and found that they commonly exchanged stares or gestures to share their intentions of social interactions. Those gestures included touching each other, holding hands and even butting(用头顶撞)heads.

3Bonobos exchanged“hello”signals before playing 90% of the time and chimps 69%of the time,according to the study,and goodbyes were even more common.

4Scientists said the apes' ability to signal hellos and goodbyes shows something much bigger than politeness.It shows that chimpanzees and bonobos can communicate a common sense of duty towards each other.

5Unlike previous studies, the researchers pointed out that joint commitments are not only based on a feeling of duty, but also based on the process of commonly setting up the agreement and agreeing that it's been carried out.That's why Heesen,the study's lead author, said it's important that apes communicate with each other when they in⁃tend to begin and end interactions.Heesen added that more research is needed to find out if other species also communicate at the end of social interactions.

6Clare Redfern, a senior bonobo keeper at the UK's Twycross Zoo who was not in⁃volved in the study, said scientists and zookeepers have long known that apes greet each other,but new research is enhancing（提升）their understanding of the animals'behaviors.

7“From the first sighting of these animals in the wild, it has been obvious that these species greet each other. However, now that more studying about the species is taking place,more subtle (不易察觉的)behaviors have been picked up by researchers,”Redfern said.

一、阅读自测

1.What do we know about apes from the study?

A.They usually warn their partners in the face of danger.

B.They can make some social interactions on purpose.

C.They can communicate with other apes using special sounds.

D.They often leave their partners without saying goodbye.

2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A.Why apes behave so strangely.

B.What different gestures mean.

C.Why apes touch each other.

D.How apes communicate with each other.

3.Why more research are needed according to Heesen?

A.To better communicate with apes.

B.To fully understand apes'behaviors.

C.To discover if other species behave the same.

D.To show the importance of social interactions.

4.What is Clare Redfern's attitude towards the study?

A.Positive.

B.Doubtful.

C.Negative.

D.Unconcerned.

二、语篇解码

本文是一篇新闻报道。一些研究人员对黑猩猩的交流方式进行了研究，结果发现黑猩猩也会像人类一样相互问候。

三、语言学习

（一）语料荟萃

语篇单词signal n.信号；暗号 interaction n.相互作用；互动behavior n.行为 publish vt.出版；发行exchange vt.交换 gesture n.手势share vt.分享 intention n.打算；意图common adj.常见的 ability n.能力communicate vi.交流 previous adj.以前的commitment n.承诺；允诺承担 agreement n.同意involve vt.参与；涉及 enhance vt.提高；增强obvious adj.明显的重要短语more than 超过；多于 social interactions 社会交往each other 相互 a sense of duty 责任感point out 指出 not only...but also 不仅……，而且……be based on 基于…… carry out 执行communicate with 与……交流 find out 查明be involved in 参与 take place 发生；举行pick up 获得；捡起

（二）语句分析

1.Unlike previous studies,the researchers pointed out that joint commitments are not only based on a feeling of duty, but also based on the process of commonly setting up the agreement and agreeing that it's been carried out.与以往的研究不同的是，研究人员指出，共同承诺不仅建立在责任感的基础上，而且建立在共同建立协议并同意它被执行的过程中。

【点石成金】本句中的两个that 引导的均为宾语从句，not only...but also...意为“不仅……而且……”。

2. That's why Heesen, the study's lead author, said it's important that apes communi⁃cate with each other when they intend to begin and end interactions.这就是为什么这项研究的主要作者Heesen说，当类人猿打算开始和结束互动时，彼此交流是很重要的。

【点石成金】该句中，why引导的是表语从句，在it's important that...中，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语，when引导的是时间状语从句。

四、语言运用

（一）例句仿写

1.我们不仅欣赏到了美丽的风景，而且还结交了很多新朋友。

We ___________the beautiful scenery, ___________a lot of new friends.

2.长江沿岸的风景美不胜收，这就是为什么我认为长江之行是更好的选择。

The scenery along the Yangtze River is amazing, and ___________the trip along the river will be a better choice.

（二）写作实践

假定你是李华，你班外教Smith先生即将回国。为感谢他在过去一年中在英语学习方面所给予的帮助，请你代表班级写一封邮件，内容包括：

1.表示道别；

2.感谢帮助；

3.表达祝愿。

注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Mr Smith,

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua