LncRNA参与转录后调控作用机制研究进展
2022-11-25杨旭訾晶晶郭宏丁向彬刘新峰张林林
杨旭,訾晶晶,郭宏,丁向彬,刘新峰,张林林
LncRNA参与转录后调控作用机制研究进展
杨旭,訾晶晶,郭宏,丁向彬,刘新峰通信作者,张林林通信作者
(天津农学院 动物科学与动物医学学院 天津市农业动物繁育与健康养殖重点实验室,天津 300392)
长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是广泛存在于动植物细胞中的一类长度大于200 nt的非编码RNA,lncRNA能够与DNA、RNA或蛋白质相互作用调控生物体的各项生理过程。近年来,国内外大动物遗传育种领域也报道了许多新鉴定出来的lncRNAs,但畜牧领域仍缺乏相关lncRNA作用机制研究。主要从lncRNA调控mRNA的剪接、转运、翻译和降解等方面阐述了lncRNA与mRNA相互作用参与转录后调控的机制,并对lncRNA在动物遗传育种中的研究前景进行了展望,以期为深入开展lncRNA在大动物体内的功能研究提供参考。
lncRNA;mRNA;转录后调控
哺乳动物基因组中可编码蛋白的基因只占其中一小部分[1],大部分DNA转录成RNA,并以RNA作为终产物,这类RNA被称为非编码RNA。非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是一大类不具有蛋白编码潜能的RNA转录本,根据转录本的长度可以将非编码RNA分为小非编码RNA和长链非编码RNA。目前在猪[2]、牛[3-4]、羊[5-6]等动物基因组转录物中发现大量lncRNA,但其功能机制尚不完善,因此深入研究lncRNA作用机制,可以为畜牧业养殖发展提供新的研究思路。
1 LncRNA简介
LncRNA为长度超过200个核苷酸的RNA分子,缺乏明显的开放阅读框,不具有或具有较低蛋白编码功能。LncRNA在同一物种的组织和器官中高度保守,但在不同发育阶段表达量存在差 异[7-8]。一般,lncRNA可分为正义lncRNA(sense lncRNA)、反义lncRNA(antisense lncRNA,AS lncRNA)、双向lncRNA(bidirectional lncRNA)、基因内lncRNA(intronic lncRNA)及基因间lncRNA(intergenic lncRNA)5种主要类型[9]。其中,AS lncRNA因其结构特殊而备受关注。LncRNA长度较长,因此空间结构较为复杂,作用机制也多种多样,主要分以下几个方面:表观遗传学调控、转录调控和转录后调控。LncRNA主要通过与mRNA相互作用调控基因转录后的表达过程,主要包括转录后mRNA的剪接、转运、翻译和降解等过程[10-12]。
2 LncRNA调控mRNA剪接
DNA转录合成带有遗传信息的mRNA后,并不能直接发挥作用,需经过剪切、拼接等生物学过程,才能成为成熟的mRNA。超过95 %基因的转录本都会进行选择性剪接过程,选择性剪接增加了生物基因表达的复杂程度,对生物机体的生长发育具有调控作用[13-14]。未成熟的mRNA,又称为mRNA前体(pre-mRNA),具有多个剪切位点,各个剪接位点的剪接能力不同,剪接过程需要依赖富含丝氨酸/精氨酸序列(serine/arginine-rich,SR)的蛋白家族等剪接调控因子的调控[15-16]。已有研究证实lncRNA作为调控因子,调控SR蛋白家族磷酸化水平,进而调控mRNA剪接。VIDISHA等发现发生缺失突变后,SR蛋白家族的磷酸化水平降低,同时剪接能力变弱,导致pre-mRNA经过剪接后,存在于第三和第四外显子之中的内含子并没有被剪切掉[17]。TOLLERVEY等随后发现lncRNA MALAT1能与核蛋白TDP-43特异性结合,促使SR蛋白家族等剪接因子被招募到核斑点中,进而提高SR蛋白家族的磷酸化水平,从而提高SR蛋白家族的剪接能力[18]。BLIN- WAKKACH等发现了一条转录自反义链的lncRNA Msx1 AS,研究发现lncRNA Msx1 AS通过与的pre-mRNA结合,从而干扰pre-mRNA的剪接过程,并阻碍Msx1蛋白表达[19]。综上所述,lncRNA不仅可以影响pre-mRNA的剪接能力,还可以调控剪接过程。
3 LncRNA调控mRNA转运
Pre-mRNA在细胞核中经过特异性剪接成为成熟的mRNA后,由细胞核转运至细胞质中的核糖体上,才能翻译生成蛋白质。已有研究证明,lncRNA能够影响mRNA转运从而调控脂肪生 成[20-21]。CAI等已发现在成脂过程中,脂联素(AdipoQ)作为脂肪细胞分泌的一种内源性生物活性多肽,同时也是胰岛素增敏激素,可以降低血糖,促进脂肪形成。在细胞核中,AdipoQ AS lncRNA与AdipoQ mRNA形成双链,抑制了AdipoQ mRNA从细胞核向细胞质转移,从而抑制脂肪形成[22]。
4 LncRNA调控mRNA翻译
结构基因转录成为mRNA是基因表达的第一步,mRNA翻译成蛋白质是基因表达的第二步,结构基因只有最终成功表达出活性蛋白质,基因才真正发挥了功能。目前已有诸多研究表明lncRNA能够影响mRNA的翻译过程。基因已被证实是造血过程中的主要转录因子[23-24],基因位点可同时产生mRNA和AS lncRNA,并且pu1AS lncRNA可以影响pu1 mRNA的翻译过程。WEI等发现pu1 AS lncRNA表达水平升高后,pu1蛋白水平降低,反之亦然。随后在分化过程中,干扰pu1 AS lncRNA后发现pu1 mRNA的表达水平并未发生变化,蛋白水平却上调了。通过核糖核酸酶保护试验结合RT-PCR检测到pu1 mRNA和pu1 AS lncRNA形成了RNA二聚体。由此可知,pu1 AS lncRNA与pu1 mRNA形成了双链,阻断了pu1 mRNA翻译,抑制蛋白质合成[25]。SHANG发现在睾丸中特异性表达,干扰,降低c-myc mRNA水平与蛋白水平,并促进细胞凋亡;过表达后,通过RNA pull down和RIP试验,发现促进了蛋白IGF2BP1与c-myc mRNA结合,并提高c-myc mRNA水平与蛋白水平。由此可知,lncRNA THOR调控IGF2BP1蛋白和c-myc mRNA结合,进而参与调控c-myc mRNA翻译[26]。WANG等研究证明Sirt1 AS lncRNA与miR-34a通过竞争与Sirt1 mRNA 3’UTR区形成RNA双链,可以激活Sirt1 mRNA进行翻译。当过表达Sirt1 AS lncRNA后,促进了成肌细胞增殖,但抑制了其分化进程。总的来说,Sirt1 AS lncRNA与miR-34a通过竞争与mRNA结合,增强Sirt1 mRNA翻译,抑制肌肉形成[27]。以上试验说明了lncRNA通过不同的作用机制来调控mRNA翻译过程。
5 LncRNA调控mRNA降解
细胞中mRNA的水平对基因正常表达是非常必要的,mRNA降解也是维持mRNA正常水平的关键过程[28-29]。现已有报道证明lncRNA调控mRNA降解过程。SHEN等发现miR-193a-3p与RAD51 mRNA的3’UTR区域结合,促进了RAD51 mRNA降解。lnc-RI作为ceRNA通过与miR-193a-3p结合,解除了miR-193a-3p对RAD51 mRNA的降解作用,从而调控RAD51 mRNA的稳定性[30]。GONG等筛选了含有Alu元件的多条lncRNA,Alu元件已经被证明影响mRNA转录,其中lncRNA½-sbsRNAs通过与CDCP1 mRNAs 3’-UTR区的Alu元件互补成为一个STAU1结合位点,先招募STAU1与之结合,后招募UPF1并激发STAU1介导的mRNA降解途径,导致CDCP1 mRNA降解,抑制了基因表达[31]。据多人研究报道证明,lncRNA也可以通过与RNA结合蛋白结合,来调节mRNA稳定。ZHAO等在小鼠的背根神经节发现名为Kcna2 AS RNA的lncRNA,其可以与MZF1蛋白结合,导致Kcna2 mRNA降解,引起神经元兴奋,维持疼痛发生[32]。FENG等发现可以调控ELF3 mRNA稳定,通过Pull down及质谱分析,筛选出了与NEAT1结合的蛋白IGF2BP1。他们的后续试验首先干扰了,发现IGF2BP1与ELF3 mRNA的结合水平降低。随后又通过IGF2BP1 shRNA转染细胞,发现IGF2BP1蛋白表达水平降低,不再调节ELF3 mRNA的稳定性。结果表明,通过与IGF2BP1结合调控ELF3 mRNA的稳定[33]。
6 小结
目前,畜牧领域的研究者已经在猪、牛、羊中鉴定出越来越多的lncRNAs,然而这些lncRNAs的功能及其分子机制相关研究仍然不足。但是随着lncRNA研究技术成熟,这些鉴定出来的lncRNA的功能会逐渐被揭示,参考lncRNA已有的调控机制有利于解析新发现的lncRNA的分子机制,相信未来几年畜牧领域的研究者对于已经获得的新lncRNAs会有明确的功能和机制报道,这将有助于理解影响动物生长发育的分子调控网络,并为动物分子遗传育种提供新的参考靶标。
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Research progress on the mechanism of lncRNA involved in post-transcriptional regulation
Yang Xu, Zi Jingjing, Guo Hong, Ding Xiangbin, Liu XinfengCorresponding Author, Zhang LinlinCorresponding Author
(Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China)
Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)is a kind of non-coding RNA with a length longer than 200 nt which widely exists in animal and plant cells. LncRNA can interact with DNA, RNA or proteins to regulate various physiological processes of organisms. In recent years, many newly identified lncRNAs have been reported in the field of large animal genetics and breeding at home and abroad, but there is still a lack of research on the mechanism of lncRNA in the field of animal husbandry. In this article the mechanism of lncRNA-mRNA interaction in post-transcriptional regulation was mainly discussed from the aspects of splicing, transport, translation and degradation of lncRNA regulated mRNAs. The research prospects of lncRNA in animal genetics and breeding has been expected, with a view to provide reference for further development of the function research of lncRNA in large animals.
lncRNA; mRNA; post-transcriptional regulation
1008-5394(2022)02-0085-03
10.19640/j.cnki.jtau.2022.02.016
Q71
A
2020-05-18
天津市自然科学基金项目(18JCYBJC95800);天津市教委科研计划项目(2018KJ183)
杨旭(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向为动物转基因与分子育种。E-mail:17332775057@163.com。
张林林(1988—),女,讲师,博士,研究方向为动物分子遗传育种。E-mail:zhangll@126.com。刘新峰(1981—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为动物配子与胚胎工程、畜禽健康养殖。E-mail:lxf20001924036@126.com。
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