Short-term effect of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel on myopia progression in children

INTRODUCTION

Myopia is considered a serious public health concern globally. Holden

predicted that 51% of Europeans would be myopic in the year 2050 by using simple regression analysis. In another study the author foretold that an average of -2.0 D would develop and the predicted prevalence of myopia is 63% in 2050

. Many population-based studies in children have shown that the prevalence of myopia is obviously higher in urbanized East Asian countries

. During the past decade, the prevalence of myopia and vision impairment was highly prevalent among Chinese school students, and increased with grade in a nonlinear manner; vision impairment was high in high school students who had a high prevalence of high myopia

.The rising prevalence of myopia is also accompanied by earlier onset, which in turn leads to an increased risk of high myopia. However, high myopia is a known risk factor for sight-threatening conditions such as retinal detachment,myopic macular degeneration and glaucoma later in life.Each additional 1 D of myopia progression associated with a 58%, 20%, 21%, and 30% increase in the risk of myopic maculopathy, open-angle glaucoma, posterior subcapsular cataract, and retinal detachment, respectively. The predicted years of visual impairment ranges from 4.42 in a person with myopia of -3.0 D to 9.56 in a person with myopia of -8.0 D,and 1.0 D reduction would lower these by 0.74 and 1.21y,respectively

. Therefore, myopia is a serious public health problem for the next few decades especially in China, and high myopia becomes a leading cause of blindness worldwide due to associated ocular illness

.

Several treatments to slow myopia progression have been investigated, including increase outdoor activity time,orthokeratology, peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses,and the topical use of low-concentration atropine eye drops.Previous review and Meta-analyses suggested that atropine eye drops conferred the best efficacy among all myopia prevention methods

. There have been many controlled clinical trials which indicate that low-concentration atropine eye drops can delay the occurrence and development of myopia. A review of 41 studies

and a meta-analysis of 16 interventions

for myopia showed that topical antimuscarinic drugs, such as 0.01%-1% atropine eye drops, were effective in slowing myopia progression and axial elongation in children. Moreover,1% atropine effectively inhibited myopia progression and promoted myopic rebound, although it was associated with adverse effects such as blurred near vision and hypersensitivity reactions

. Low-concentration (0.01%-0.5%) atropine eye drops can effectively prevent myopia progression

. Based on available evidence, 0.01% atropine eye drops are widely used for myopia control, with good efficacy and few side effects

.

In this study, 0.01% atropine sulphate ophthalmic gel was used to treat myopia in adolescent patients with a 6-month clinical application, and its effects on myopia control were evaluated by changes in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL).

Eye-drops are the most conventional dosage form of currently accessible ophthalmic formulations. Despite the excellent acceptance by patients, the major problems encountered are having low bioavailability profiles, rapid removal from the administration site, and thus ineffective delivery of drugs.However, eye gel has been investigated as a delivery system which is able to overcome some of these challenges

.Therefore, we developed a 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel and evaluate its efficacy and safety on myopia progression.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Ethical Approval This prospective cohort study followed the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration on ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects and was approved by Xi’an No.1 Hospital Ethics Committee. Informed consent of the children and their guardians was obtained. The protocol of this study is registered in the ChiCTR Database(ChiCTR2000038218).

这些本来就积压在我心中已久，如今在邻居面前娓娓道来，我特别动情，有时说着说着眼泪就来了，不少邻居很快就站到了我这一边，说：“以前光听你婆婆一面之词了，她确实不应该这么待你。”

Population The study recruited 185 children who had been diagnosed with myopia in Xi’an No.1 Hospital and Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Ophthalmology between February 2008 and October 2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age 6-12y, male or female, binocular myopia of 3.0 D or less, near visual acuity equal or greater than 1.0 in both eyes, and astigmatism of 2.0 D or less in both eyes. The exclusion criteria were as follows: other eye diseases such as strabismus, amblyopia, high intraocular pressure (intraocular pressure is higher than 21 mm Hg) or glaucoma, cataracts,fundus abnormalities, or corneal ocular surface diseases;allergy to atropine; systemic diseases such as heart or lung disease; contact lens use, or failure to provide signed written informed consent. Subjects who were lost to follow-up or took other drugs that affected the efficacy evaluation were also excluded. The termination criteria were as follows: allergy or a severe adverse reaction to the test drug or the appearance of inappropriate changes.

1.2.2 录像观察法 通过对观看第14届世界健美操锦标赛比赛录像，进行视频的反复观察与研究，从比赛成绩、难度分值、难度类型、难度动作的运用频率等方面进行统计研究。

Safety In this study, the 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel was generally well tolerated. None of the participants developed dilated pupils, local toxicity reactions, irritation, allergic reactions or other clinical adverse reactions.

RESULTS

Demographics There were 125 effective cases in the atropine group, and 30 cases were excluded due to delayed drug review.The control group included 60 cases in accordance with the criteria during the same period. The demographics of the two groups are shown in Table 1.

Efficacy The initial SE and AL were not significantly different between the control group (-1.59±0.94 D, 24.06±0.77 mm)and the atropine group (-1.64±0.80 D, 24.13±0.76 mm;

＞0.05). After 6mo, the SE in the control group (-2.19±0.92 D)was significantly different than that in the atropine group(-1.91±0.87 D,

＜0.05), and the change in the SE was also significantly different (-0.60±0.35 and -0.27±0.33 D,respectively,

＜0.001). The relative reduction in myopia progression in this study was 55.0%. The increase in axial elongation was also significantly different (0.26±0.14

0.19±0.14 mm,

＜0.001). The relative reduction in AL in this study was 26.9% (Table 2).

Among the 120 eyes in the control group, 51.7% had myopic progression of less than or equal to 0.50 D, and the maximum degree of myopic progression was 1.75 D; 5 eyes had no change in the SE, accounting for 4.2%. Among the 250 eyes in the atropine group, 84.4% had myopic progression of less than or equal to 0.50 D, and the maximum degree of myopic progression was 1.50 D. The SE in 96 eyes remained unchanged, at 38.4%. Ten eyes (4%) recovered by 0.12-0.38 D in the atropine group (Figure 1).

Outcome Measures Efficacy in controlling myopia progression was evaluated by changes in the SE and AL in the eye. If the values in the atropine group were significantly less than those in the control group, the treatment was considered effective. Local toxicity, irritation, allergic reaction or other clinical adverse reactions were noted during the study period.Statistical Analysis All the data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Chi-square test was used for categorical data, and the independent

-test was used for measurement data. The efficacy of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel was statistically analysed by the number of eyes.

In this study, we explored short-term effect of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel on myopia progression in children in China.Our result revealed that a once-nightly dose of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel resulted in significant reductions in myopia progression and axial elongation. To our knowledge, this study is the first study to show the efficacy of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel on myopia progression in mainland of China.Eye gel, a viscous formulation, is more likely to adhere to the cornea and conjunctival surface after blinking, which can make the action time of the drug more durable, higher local bioavailability. When used as a myopia control drug, atropine is used in one drop per eye every night, so eye gel is a more suitable dosage form than eye drops for night application.

DISCUSSION

1.2.2 总体幸福感量表［3］ 美国国立卫生统计中心制定的一种定式型测查工具。共有33个题项，前18题项包含6个因子，分别是对健康的担心、精力、对生活的满足和兴趣、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制、紧张与松弛。第18题以后的项目主要指向精神疾病方面，根据段建华［4］修订，认为前18个题目更符合国内情况。因此，本研究计分为该量表前18项6因子分之和，满分120分，得分在0～24分的被视为主观幸福感低，25～48分为主观幸福感较低，49～72分为有中等幸福感，73～96分为主观幸福感较高，97～120分为主观幸福感高。本量表内部一致性系数在男性团体中为 0.91，在女性团体中为0.95。

In this study, 84.4% of the eyes in the 0.01% atropine group had myopic progression of less than or equal to 0.50 D at 6mo compared with 51.7% of the eyes in the control group. It should be noted that the spherical degree remained unchanged in 38.4% of the eyes in the atropine group at 6mo, while the spherical degree in the control group remained unchanged in only 4.2% of the eyes. Ten eyes (4%) recovered by 0.12-0.38 D in the atropine group. The LAMP study found that 43.8% of patients had myopia progression of less than 0.50 D in the 0.01% atropine group at 1y, and that in the study at Beijing Tongren Hospital was 48.7%

.

Several previous studies indicated that 0.01% atropine eye drops exhibited a varied relative reduction on myopia progression. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial in Beijing evaluating the efficacy of atropine 0.01% eye drops revealed that the eye drops had 44.4% reduction at 6mo and 34.2% reduction at 1y

. In another study conducted in Europe, the relative reduction on myopia progression by 0.01%atropine eye drops was 50.5% at 1y

, and that was 24.1% at 1y in the LAMP study conducted in Hong Kong

; moreover,the relative reduction in a study in Japan was 14.86% at 2y

.In our study, the relative reduction in myopia progression, at 55.0%, was slightly greater than that in the European study and greater than that in case-control studies in Beijing, Hong Kong and Japan. This may be related to the use of a placebo as well as shortened periods of observation and differences in ethnicities, regions and learning and living habits among the observed subjects.

Atropine has a dose-related effect on myopia progression, with greater effects associated with more obvious side effects. Li

reported that younger age was associated with poor treatment response to low-concentration atropine. A 2-year clinical trial in the LAMP study showed that the efficacy of 0.05% atropine was double that of 0.01% atropine

. Fu

reported that 0.02% atropine eye drops had a better effect on myopia progression than 0.01% atropine eye drops,but 0.02% and 0.01% atropine showed similar effects on pupil diameter and accommodative amplitude after 12mo of treatment. In children for whom myopia is poorly controlled with 0.01% atropine, a slightly higher concentration of atropine in preparations can be considered.

Study Design This study comprised an atropine group and a control group. Patients in the atropine group received one drop of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel (prepared by Xi’an No.1 Hospital, which obtained approval for the clinical study of nosocomial preparations from the Shaanxi Medical Products Administration) in each eye before bedtime daily for 6mo.The control group comprised matched children without drug intervention during the same period.

学校员工的工作地位与其在学校的分工有关。机能实验技术人员的地位较低，具体表现为缺乏参加培训、进修的机会，职业发展不明朗；较少有为学校政策出谋划策的机会，自身诉求得不到倾听；工作待遇较低；工作不受教师和学生的理解。

Axial elongation is the preferred endpoint for assessing myopic progression

. In our study, we found that the mean axial elongation values were 0.26±0.14 and 0.19±0.14 mm in the control and atropine groups at 6mo, respectively, with a reduction of 26.9% in axial elongation. The LAMP study in Hong Kong showed that the mean axial-length changes were 0.36±0.29 and 0.41±0.22 mm in the 0.01% atropine and placebo groups at 1y, respectively, with a reduction of 12%in axial elongation

. The changes in the Beijing Tongren Hospital study were 0.32±0.19 and 0.41±0.19 mm at 1y, with a reduction of 22.0% in axial elongation

.

Various studies have shown that scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling plays a critical role in myopia development

. Hypoxia is a key modulator for scleral ECM remodelling during myopia development. It is plausible that changes in choroidal thickness in myopia might result from reduced choroidal blood perfusion, which in turn may lead to scleral hypoxia. This condition could in turn trigger downstream receptor-linked signalling pathways events that induce responses promoting myopia progression. Atropine is an antimuscarinic agent that causes pupil dilation and loss of accommodation, even in concentrations as low as 0.01%

. In addition, atropine also has the effect of dilating blood vessels. It is suggest that the choroid may be the target site for atropine

. Although the above studies have provided some evidence for the mechanism of atropine, the detailed pharmacological mechanism, by which atropine can slow myopia progression and axial elongation, need further research.

湖北华贵销售的产品以藕带为主、其他莲藕制品及水生蔬菜为辅，目前藕带销售占比为80%。因藕带为加工制品，存放时间较长，线上销售量变化不大，不受季节因素影响，线上年推广投入费用约为300万；线下销售量受节日因素影响，在年底需求量较大。公司的运营成本主要包括人工成本、原材料采集成本、物流成本以及推广成本，加上目前企业还没有专项物流，完全依靠与各大物流公司合作完成，年物流成本约为360万。

The advantage of this experiment was the use of a novel atropine eye gel rather than eye drops and proved its efficacy on controlling myopia progression and axial elongation. Eye gel has several advantages over eye drops in dosage form.Atropine is used as a prevention and control drug to slow the myopia progression. It does not mean that myopia does not increase after atropine application but delays the increase of myopia degree. In this study, we also noted that 38.4% of the eyes in the atropine group remained unchanged at 6mo, while only 4.2% of those in the control group remained unchanged.However, this study has some limitations. First, this study evaluated the efficacy of this preparation for the control of myopia (change of less than -3.0 D) only in the children aged 6-12y with binocular myopia. Second, a follow-up period of 6mo may not be long enough for evaluating the efficacy of an atropine treatment regime. Third, 19% of subjects in the experimental group were lost to follow-up, which may affect the deviation of the experimental result. Fourth, although all parents are told to administrate the drug before bed every night, it is difficult to guarantee that they will fully adhere to the doctor’s advice. Fifth, risk factors for myopia, such as outdoor activities time, near work time, and hereditary factor are not considered in this study. Importantly, as adolescents are a special study population, a placebo control group is a recognized potential weakness in studies on the efficacy and safety of atropine at low concentrations.

总之，柳树因其外在形象和对生存环境的适应能力，引发了人们的联想，成为坚韧、友谊、离愁、相思、女性等多元意象的集合，成为中华儿女普遍情感的寄托，并经过千百年的积淀，文化意蕴愈加丰富。

本研究通过对两组生存质量量表指标比较发现，观察组在改善症状感觉、心理状态及自我总评分均优于对照组。其可能与以下两方面有关：一方面，十一味参芪片配合化疗能够有效改善患者的临床症状，取得一定的疗效，增强了患者对抗疾病的信心；另一方面，祖国医学认为“脾胃为气血生化之源”“脾胃为后天之本”以及“肾为先天之本”，长期口服十一味参芪片能维护人体正气、改善脾肾功能从而提高患者免疫功能，也有益于改善患者的精神状态。

In this study, no dilated pupils, local toxicity reactions,irritation, allergic reactions or other clinical adverse reactions were observed during the study. Similar to other studies with low concentration of atropine eye drops, our study suggest that 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel can slow myopia progression and axial elongation in children during a shortterm administration. Therefore, low concentration atropine eye drops may be a novel choice that can be used in clinical practice to retard myopia. However, long-term prevention effects and adverse events of 0.01% atropine sulphate eye gel on myopia progression, as well as its detailed pharmacological mechanism need further investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Supported by Shaanxi Province Social Development and Technology of Research Project (No.2020SF-274; No.2014K11-03-07-05); Xi’an Science and Technology Project (No.20YXYJ0008-6).

Conflicts of Interest: Pan SY, None; Wang YZ, None; Li J, None; Zhang XH, None; Wang J, None; Zhu XP, None;Xiao XH, None; Liu JT, None.

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