推理判断题备考策略

蒋建平

一、命题解读

推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，要求考生在阅读过程中把握表面和隐含的意思，并把已知和未知的信息联系起来。考生须以文章所提供的事实为依据，经过分析思考而形成一定的观点。考生须尽量考虑文中的全部信息和事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，并做出正确的推断，这是对文章的深层次理解。推理的原则是据文推理、合情推理，不可妄加推理、过度推理。推理判断题主要考查考生推断隐含意义、观点和态度、写作意图、文章出处等的能力。

推理判断题题干常含有表示“表明”“暗示”“推论”的单词，如infer、imply、suggest、conclude、learn、intend、mean、show等;有时含有表示推测的情态动词，如can、could、 might、would等和其他表示可能性的词，如probably、most likely、seem等。

二、解题策略

1.推断隐含意义

隐含意义推断题主要考查考生根据特定信息和全篇、全段或上下文逻辑关系，结合相关信息的暗示，理解文章寓意或隐含的深层意义的能力。这类推理判断题要求考生根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论证材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，由已知结果推测导致该结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确把握文章的隐含意义，理解文章的真正含义。解答这类题目的关键是找准事物间存在的因果关系，根据已有信息，进行分析、判断，从而推断出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。

【典例链接】（2020·全国甲卷阅读C篇）Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusualfashions. Model Paige Morgan says， “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that's going to be a massive thing， at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly. 31.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan？

A.It's formal.         B.It's risky.

C.It's harmful.        D.It's traditional.

【點石成金】B 第一步，通读题目，找出题干中的关键词infer about wearing fur;第二步，定位到原文，寻找相关信息-To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that's going to be a massive thing， at least here in New York.”;第三步，仔细比对选项。通过以上分析可知，Morgan觉得在纽约，给予人们一种没有负罪感的选择，让他们可以穿海狸鼠皮做的衣服而不被人泼油漆，是一件大事。由此可推断出在纽约穿皮草有风险。故选B。

2.推断观点和态度

作者或文中人物的观点和态度，就是作者或文中人物对某个话题、行为、事件的看法或判断。作者或文中人物的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观;客观、中立;反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。

观点和态度题要求考生具备较高层次的阅读能力，即在复杂的语境中把握作者的思路，在较深奥的表达中揣摩作者的真正意图。这类题考生对考查考生对作者在整篇文章中所表现出的态度和作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度的理解。此类题难度较大，得分率较低。

【典例链接】（2021·新高考I卷阅读D篇）Although popular beliefs regarding emo- tional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall ef- fects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视） on emotion by employers， educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of e motional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the func- tionalityof emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

34.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence？

A.Favorable.                 B.Intolerant.

C.Doubtful.                            D.Unclear.

【点石成金】A 根据题干信息popularization of emotional intelligence可定位到“Although popular beliefs regarding... the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”，通过分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的范围，但是对情商的宣传的总体效果是利大于弊的，而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（The most positive aspect of this popularization...）。由此可知，作者的态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。

3.推断写作意图

作者通常不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。考生需要在阅读、理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思及全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的写作意图。这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和总结的能力，是阅读理解题中层次较高的题目，它与主旨大意题不同，但又关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。有些文章的写作意图比较明确，如议论文、说明文，考生面对此类文体的应关注主题句。而有些文章的写作意图需要考生去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文中，此类文章通常先叙述，然后发表看法。

【典例链接】（2020·山东卷阅读C篇）In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months， physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later， still attracted to the country， he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.

His visit， however， ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book，Chas- ing the Sea： Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia， which talks about a roadtrip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan， where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way： Rustam，his translator， a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California， Oleg and Natasha， his hosts in Tashkent， and a string of foreign aid workers.

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan， made of friendliness and warmth， but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand，Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders， while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana， he attends a mountain funeral （葬禮）followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan， he is saddened by the dust storms， diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references， making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan， seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American， as well as his delicate stomach. As the author ex- plains， this is neither a travel nor a history book， or even a piece of reportage.Whatever it is， the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions. 11.What is the purpose of this text？

A.To introduce a book.                      B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.

C.To remember a writer.                   D. To recommend a travel destination.

【點石成金】A 第一步，审读题目找出题干中的关键词the purpose of this text;第二步，迅速读懂原文，理清文章脉络，从字里行间推断写作意图，文章开头引出汤姆·比斯尔写书的背景，从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价;第三步，仔细比对选项。通过以上分析可知，全文围绕着这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍并推荐这本书。故选A。

4.推断人物性格

这类题目考查考生对被描写人物的言谈话语中流露出的情绪及其反映出的性格倾向等方面的理解。鉴于文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑推断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对考生了解主人公的心理特点及其发展变化，从而进行正确的逻辑推断很有用处。做这一类题时一定要注意：

（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法代替作者的思想及观点;

（2）注意那些描写环境和气氛的语言，以及表达感情、观点、态度的词语，即注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是有感情色彩的形容词;

（3）能结合自己平时积累的关于英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来识别并评价。

【典例链接】（2019·全国乙卷阅读D篇）During the rosy years of elementary school （小学），I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes， breaking rules and playing jokes on others， among whom I soon found myself. 32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？

A.Unkind.                       B.Lonely.

C.Generous.                     D.Cool.

【点石成金】C 根据During the rosy years ofelementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes可知，在读小学的时候，作者喜欢与人分享玩偶和笑话，由此可推断出，作者在小学早期是一个慷慨的女孩。故选C。

三、备考建议

推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和识别能力。解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余的推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。另外，考生要切记，推理判断题必须遵守一个原则：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。