Born Again Painters (Ⅱ) “重生”的画家(下)

By V. M. Hillyer

——V. M. 希利尔（仲秋译）

The reason other artists studied and copied his pictures is that Masaccio had found out how to do something that no artist before him had been able to do. Masaccios pictures did not look flat. He painted pictures so that you could see back into them . Perspective， you remember， we call it.

For thousands of years artists had tried to  get  per s pec t iv e， but  they  had  not succeeded very well. So the Renaissance artists wanted to find out how Masaccio got perspective.

One of his famous frescoes was a picture of the angel driving Adam and Eve out of the Garden of Eden.One of these painters who studied Masaccios frescoes was a monk named Fra Filippo Lippi—that is， Brother Filippo， which means Philip though it is spelled with an Finstead of Ph. Brother Filippo was， however， not a good and holy monk like that religious painter， Brother Angelico. Brother Filippo was a good painter， but a bad Brother.

画家们之所以这么钻研马萨乔的画，那是因为在他之前的所有画家都无法掌握的一种绘画方法，他却成功地运用了。马萨乔的画看上去不是平面的效果，他画的画能让你感觉跃然纸上。这就是“透视”，你记得吗，我们曾经提到过它。

过去几千年里，画家们一直希望自己的画作能够具有透视效果，但是，却没有人能够做到这一点。所以文艺复兴时期的画家非常想弄清楚马萨乔到底是如何做到的。马萨乔特别出名的壁画是一幅湿壁画，场景是亚当和夏娃被天使逐出伊甸园。

在研究马萨乔壁画的众多画家中，有一个叫弗拉·菲利普·利皮的修士，也就是菲利普兄弟。这个菲利普与常见的名字菲利普的英文拼写并不相同。它的开头字母是 F ，而不是 Ph 。（修士就是我们曾提到的基督教修行的人，所以我们叫他“兄弟”。）但是菲利普兄弟却与圣洁的修士、宗教画家安杰利科兄弟不同。菲利普虽然是一个好画家，但却不是个遵守戒律的好修士。

It is said that he was bored with being good and with being a monk， so he ran away from his monastery. After many wild adventures， he was captured by pirates and made a slave. One day he drew with a piece of charcoal a picture of his master and the likeness was so good that his master set him free.

Brother Filippo made his way back to Italy and was hired to paint a picture of the Madonna for a convent. A convent is a building where women called nuns live. One of the nuns in this convent， a beautiful young girl， posed as the model for Filippos painting of the Virgin. Now， neither a monk nor a nun is supposed to fall in love with any one， but， in spite of what he was supposed not to do， Filippo fell in love with the nun and， in spite of everything， they ran away together. They had a son whom they named Filippino which means “Little Filippo”. Filippino became a great painter， too， even greater than his father.

據说菲利普厌倦了做修士的枯燥生活，从隐修院逃了出来。菲利普在经历了许多冒险之后，被一群海盗抓去，然后被海盗卖给别人做奴隶。有一天，他用木炭给他的主人画了一张画像，因为画得非常逼真，主人非常高兴，就把他给释放了。

恢复自由之身后，菲利普兄弟终于回到了意大利。接着，他被一个女隐修院雇用，去画一张圣女像。作画时，一个年轻美丽的修女奉命作为圣母画像的模特儿。修士和修女是不允许与任何人相爱的，尽管菲利普不应该这么做，但他还是爱上了这个修女，而且两个人一起私奔了。他和这个修女后来生了一个儿子，名叫菲利皮诺，就是“小菲利普”的意思。菲利皮诺长大以后，也成了一名画家，甚至比他爸爸菲利普画得还要好。

Another artist of this time has a name— or rather two names—I like to say because each name has “ozzo” in it， a kind of rhyme. It is Benozzo Gozzoli.

In the city of Pisa is a peculiar tower that does not stand straight， but leans to one side. In the same city is another peculiar thing. It is a cemetery. The peculiar thing about this cemetery is that the ground for it was brought all the way from Jerusalem so that the earth in which people were buried would be especially holy—the same ground that Christ had trod. It took fifty-three ship-loads of this holy earth to make the cemetery. It is called the Campo Santo， which means Holy Field.

在這个时期的另一位画家，他有一个我很喜欢念的名字 —— 或者说是两个字——因为他的姓和名中都有一个“佐” 字，念起来挺上口。他叫贝诺佐·戈佐利。

在比萨城里有一座奇特的塔——比萨斜塔，它的塔身与地面有倾斜角度。比萨城里除了比萨斜塔，还有一个很特别的地方——一块墓地。这块墓地之所以特别，那是因为这块墓地的泥土都是从耶路撒冷运过来的，所以这里用来埋葬人的泥土都是十分神圣的——耶路撒冷是耶稣曾经踏过的圣土。比萨城为修建这块墓地，一共用船运了五十三次耶路撒冷的土。这块墓地叫作“坎波圣多”，意思就是“圣陵”。

Around the Campo Santo is a wall and on the inside of this wall Benozzo Gozzoli painted scenes from the Old Testament—the story of Noah， the Tower of Babel， David， Solomon， and so on— twenty-two of them. There were crowds of people in each picture and often buildings in the back of the picture.

In most of the pictures which Benozzo Gozzoli painted， as well as in those of other painters of this time， the clothing of the people was not the kind of clothing the people of Bible times wore. And the buildings in the background were not those of Bible times or Bible places at all. The artists had not visited Bible lands and didnt know what kind of clothes the Bible people wore or what kind of buildings they built， so they made the clothes and buildings like the Italian clothes and buildings of their own time.

圣陵四周有一道围墙，贝诺佐·戈佐利在围墙的里侧画了许多画，描绘的是《旧约》上的故事。比如，诺亚方舟的故事、巴比伦的故事、大卫的故事、所罗门的故事等。这些画一共有二十二幅，每一幅上都有很多人物形象，人物后面还有许多作为背景的建筑。

和当时其他的画家一样，贝诺佐·戈佐利的绝大部分画作中的人物服饰与圣经时代人们的穿着差别很大，而且画作中作为背景的建筑也与圣经时代或《圣经》中提到的那些地方的建筑完全不同。这些画家从没去过《圣经》中提到的地方，也不知道《圣经》里的人物穿什么样的服饰、居住在什么样的建筑里，他们只是按照自己所处时代的意大利人的衣着和建筑风格来画而已。