正论型议论文读写指南

刘珂

文体导读

正论型议论文，又叫立论文，是议论文的一种。议论文是一种剖析事理、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。在正论型议论文中，作者同样使用摆事实、讲道理、辨是非、举例子等写作方法，从正面对某个问题或事件提出自己的看法，树立某种主张。有时立论文中也有驳论的要素，但驳论不是立论文的主要部分，其作用在于为正面论证服务。正论型议论文具有观点明确、论据充分、论证合理、语言精练、逻辑严密的特点。

策略导航

1. 巧用彩色笔分析文章。借助彩色笔对文本的不同部分做标注，例如，用红色笔标注议论文的总论点，用绿色笔标注文章的结论，用黄色笔标注不同段落的分论点，用蓝色笔标注论据，用黑色笔在旁标注论证方式等。写作时，可参考标注的内容，分析文章“引论—本论—结论”的构架。

2. 读懂分论点的论证角度。正论型议论文的主体部分为本论，是围绕总论点展开的分析论证。论证过程一般涉及多个分论点，分论点从意义、原因、现状、问题、危害等某一个或多個不同角度对总论点进行论证。在阅读文章的本论部分时，分析分论点的论证角度有助于我们判断议论文是否论据翔实、有足够的说服力。在写正论型议论文时，我们也应有意识地从不同角度，并结合多种论证方式，对自己的总论点进行论证。

素材导背

in an era of 在一个……的时代

firmly believe 坚信

take a firm stand on sth 在某事上采取坚定的立场

appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事

be damaging to 对……有害

be beneficial to 对……有利

My reasons are as follows. 我的理由如下。

turn a blind eye to sth 对某事视而不见

attach importance to 重视

as a saying goes 正如俗话所说

for example 例如；比如

by contrast 相比之下

all in all 总之

join hands to do sth 携手合作做某事

案例导练

The malls are often filled with people seeking gifts for their loved ones. Behind the materialistic aspect of shopping for gifts lies the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives. However， just as a well?worn play on words goes， it is our presence， not our presents that truly counts.

Attention is one of the greatest gifts we can give each other. Companies around the globe spend billions of dollars every year on advertising to catch our attention for just a short moment. Industries like media， entertainment and education rely on the precious gifts of our attention for their continued existence. A baby lacking attention for a long time is likely to be mentally unhealthy.

Unfortunately， modern people run an increasing risk of attention?starvation. In earlier times， both diet and attention could be left unregulated without major cause for concern. There were natural balances： Limited availability of food meant few got fat， for example. Similarly， in bygone times， we might have spent hours communicating with the village storyteller; today， watching an entire TV series， while speaking to nobody， is common. Traditionally， with smaller population， everyone would get considerable attention. On many issues， we might turn to Grandma or Grandpa; now， we have Internet.

Human beings need attention. Giving attention to each other is， to a large extent， what human civilization is based upon. This perhaps explains the success of social?networking sites. While we use such sites for “micro blogging”， “idea voicing” and “status updating”—the reality is that we are just fulfilling our basic human drive for attention exchange.

As more people are busy exchanging attention online， less attention is paid to the real world. The nature of attention exchange is being transformed， and there is a danger that some of us will develop unhealthy practices. Just as eating red meat every day is a bad idea， so it is with too much online attention exchange. The biological consequences of our technological advancement in food production are highly visible： heart disease， diabetes and obesity（肥胖癥）. The social consequences of our transformed attention exchanges may take longer to identify， but they will be equally damaging.

Face?to?face attention is becoming rarer， and therefore more valuable. In a sense， it is priceless. And it is a gift that can be given all?year?round.

Ⅰ.  阅读自测

Detail

1. Why do people shop for gifts for their loved ones？

A. To display their materialistic resources.

B. To show their care and attention.

C. To satisfy the desires of their special people.

D. To get important presents in return.

Logic

2. How is the third paragraph developed？

A. By offering explanation.

B. By giving examples.

C. By making comparisons.

D. By providing analysis.

Inference

3. What can we infer from paragraph 5？

A. People no longer pay attention to the real world.

B. The nature of attention exchange has rarely changed.

C. Technological advancement contributes to many diseases.

D. Transformed attention exchanges may do harm to the society.

Gist

4. What is the text mainly intended to do？

A. To analyze the necessity of giving gifts.

B. To call for more focus on real life attention.

C. To give practical tips on attention exchange.

D. To recommend some social networking sites.

Ⅱ.  语言汲取

（一）正论型议论文常见表达

lie behind 背后的原因是……

just as a well?worn play on words goes 正如老套的文字游戏所说

be likely to do 很可能做……

run an increasing risk of 冒着越来越大的风险

in earlier times 在早期

without cause for concern 没有令人担心的理由

in bygone times 在过去的时候

to a large extent 在很大程度上

be based upon 以……为基础

the reality is that 事实是

transform the nature of sth 改变某物的本质

there is a danger that 有一种危险是……

be equally damaging 是同样有害的

in a sense 在某种意义上

The consequences are highly visible. 其后果非常显而易见。

（二）文中优秀表达

be attentive to 關心……

lack attention 缺乏关注

mentally unhealthy 心理不健康的

attention?starvation 关注饥渴症

leave sth unregulated 使某物不受监管

limited availability of food 有限的食物供应

get considerable attention 获得相当多的关注

social?networking sites 社交网站

micro blog 微博

idea voice 发表想法

status update 更新状态

fulfil the basic human drive 满足人类基本的欲望

technological advancement 技术进步

（三）精彩句式

1. Behind the materialistic aspect of shopping for gifts lies the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives. 在购买礼物的物质层面的背后，是对我们生活中特殊之人的愿望的在意与关注。

在本句中，地点状语置于句首，句子完全倒装。谓语lies放在较长的主语the idea of caring and being attentive to the desires of special people in our lives之前，可避免句子头重脚轻。

2. A baby lacking attention for a long time is likely to be mentally unhealthy. 一个长期缺乏关注的婴儿很可能心理不健康。

在本句中，非谓语动词短语lacking attention for a long time作后置定语，修饰主语A baby，谓语部分is likely to be是表示可能性的常见表达，相当于may be。

3. Giving attention to each other is， to a large extent， what human civilization is based upon. 在很大程度上，给予彼此关注是人类文明的基石。

动名词词组Giving attention to each other充当本句主语，what human civilization is based upon为表语从句，to a large extent作插入语，可体现表达的严谨。

4. Just as eating red meat every day is a bad idea， so it is with too much online attention exchange. 正如每天吃红肉是一个糟糕的主意，太多线上的关注交换也是如此。

Just as引导一个表示类比的状语从句，主句中的so it is with sth是一个固定句型，意为“……也是如此”。

Ⅲ. 句式仿写

1. 紧张的家庭氛围背后的原因是家庭成员之间缺乏沟通。

Behind the tense family atmosphere____________________________________.

2. 一个缺乏批判性思维的学生不太可能取得学业上的成功。

A student _______________________________________ achieve academic success.

3. 在一定程度上，互相理解是和谐关系的基石。

Mutual understanding is， to a certain extent，____________________________________________.

4. 正如定期锻炼可以强健我们的身体，我们的大脑也是如此。

Just as regular exercise can build up our bodies， ________________________________________.

Ⅳ. 写作实践

假定你是学生会主席李华，学校让你用英语写一份题为“Let's return to face?to?face interaction”的倡议书，呼吁同学们不要沉迷于网络社交，回归面对面交流。要点包括：

1. 倡导回归面对面交流的原因；

2. 你的倡议。

注意：

1. 词数80左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Let's return to face?to?face interaction

Boys and girls，   ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Students' Union

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