Accuracy of segmented measurement of axial length in ultra-high myopia filled with silicone oil using immersion B-scan ultrasonography

INTRODUCTION

With the development of vitrectomy and the accurate mastery of the operative indications of silicone oil filling, a considerable number of patients with complex retinal detachment and vitreoretinal proliferative diseases can preserve good retinal function after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil filling

. Cataract is the most important complication after silicone oil filling

. At present, the surgery method combined silicone oil extraction with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation is widely used to treat this complication in China and other countries

. The accurate measurement of axial length (AL) is related to the intraocular lens (IOL)implantation and determines the postoperative visual function for patients with this kind of cataract. As a novel optical coherent biometric device, IOLMaster is easily-manipulated,non-contact, accurate and non-invasive

. However, due to the dependency of IOLMaster on optical principle, the ALs of patients with severe cataract cannot be accurately measured,and the traditional A-ultrasound measurement is still needed.Clinically, the ALs of most patients can be accurately measured by the traditional A-ultrasound. However, for patients with high myopia, especially those with ultra-high myopia before surgery, the pseudo prolongation of vitreous cavity caused by long vitreous cavity and silicone oil filling, intermingled with severe opacity of lens on ultrasonic propagation, retinal waves are often difficult or impossible to be measured in A-ultrasound. This leads to pseudo short AL or eye axis or large deviation and poor repeatability of AL.

To address the abovementioned clinical issues, based on our previous findings of immersion A/B ultrasound in accurately measuring the AL of high myopia

, we evaluated the accuracy of immersion B-scan segmented measurement of ALs in ultra-high myopia patients with cataract secondary to silicone oil filling by comparing with IOLMaster 500,providing a theoretical basis for its clinical application.

其中，Yi是在问卷中对于工作是否匹配询问(您觉得现在这份工作与您的能力相匹配么)的自评结果的被解释变量，X1代表了将人口统计学特征和工作状况等的控制变量，X2代表了核心解释变量新媒体使用的代理变量：每周社交媒体使用时间以及APP种类的下载数量。其中，社交媒体使用时间代表了新媒体使用的深度，而APP种类数量则代表了新媒体使用的广度。α1表示了新媒体使用对于农民工工作匹配的影响系数和方向。

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Clinically, for patients with cataract after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil filling due to retinal detachment,the ultimate goal of silicone oil extraction combined withcataract extraction and IOL implantation is to preserve the residual visual function as much as possible. The factors affecting visual function include patient- and surgery-related factors

. In this study, no significant intergroup differences in age, gender, and ALs were found, and all the causes of retinal detachment were relatively uniform. The difference in preoperative uncorrected visual acuity between the two groups was mainly due to the various severity of lens opacity, and the opaque lens would be removed, so the influence of this factor on our results could be excluded. Surgery-related factors include surgical proficiency, surgical incision, IOL selection,and IOL implantation accuracy

.

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From June 2016 to June 2020, a total of 67 ultrahigh myopia inpatients (67 eyes) who underwent silicone oil removal combined with cataract extraction and IOL implantation were retrospectively enrolled. The preoperative AL of 31 patients with severe cataract were segmented measured using immersion B-scan (B-scan group) and another 36 patients with mild or moderate cataract were measured using IOLMaster 500 (IOLMaster group). All patients of both groups were injected with 5500

silicone oil (Baush&Lomb Oxane, USA) during vitrectomy. Inclusive criteria: 1) ultrahigh myopia (refractive diopter＜-10.00 D or AL＞28 mm); 2)all the eyes to be operated had a certain gazing ability (they could continuously gaze at IOLMaster or be fixed in the first eye position for more than 3s in the imaging process of immersion B-scan); 3) without other serious ocular diseases,other systemic or ocular diseases that affect the examination or surgery; 4) scheduled silicone oil removal when complete retinal reattachment was achieved within 6mo after silicone oil injection. Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) silicone oil emulsification within 6mo after primary silicone oil injection;2) silicone oil removal for various postoperative complications within 6mo after silicone oil injection; 3) other ophthalmic surgeries during the period between primary silicone oil injection and removal; 4) with uncomplete follow-up data.

Before the surgery, the anterior parts (cornea, anterior chamber, iris and lens) and anterior vitreous body of all patients were examined using slit lamp, the intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by using non-contact tonometer and the fundus was examined by A/B ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus.

Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS12.0 software. Chi-square test was used to compare the gender difference of both groups. The difference of ALs before and after surgery of both groups, and postoperative absolute refractive error and BCVA between both groups were compared using

-test. The rank sum test was used to compare the distribution of absolute refractive error between the two groups in the range ±0.50, ±1.00, and ±1.50 D. The statistical level was set to

=0.05.

钙硫比的增加对所获得的粉煤灰脱硫活性起到促进作用，但CaCO3的增加必然对炉内煤粉燃烧特性产生影响，若其加入严重影响煤粉燃烧特性，那么对上述研究就失去了意义。为此，笔者进一步针对钙硫比对煤粉燃烧特性的影响进行研究。

After retrobulbar anesthesia, the surgery was performed with Alcon Legacy 20000 phacoemulsification apparatus. A 3 mm incision (I-shape) parallel to the lamellar sclera was made (11 o’clock, 2 mm behind limbus). A 3.2 mm triangular knife was used and viscoelastic agent (AVI)was injected into anterior chamber. Continuous circular capsulorhexis was performed with a diameter of 5.5-6 mm. A corneal auxiliary incision was made at 9 o’clock (left eye) or 3 o’clock (right eye). Lens cortex was aspirated by auto-I/A system. The silicone oil was extracted with cannula needle and syringe under negative pressure with an incision at the upper pars plana. After the silicone oil was completely removed,the retina was observed by pan-retinoscopy. Then, a single focus foldable IOL (Rayner 620H, UK) was implanted into the capsule.

A total of 31 (31 eyes) with severe cataract were enrolled as the B-scan group, including 21 males and 10 females, aged from 25 to 59y (mean 42.8±9.8y). The preoperative visual acuity was light perception (LP) or hand move (HM)

before eye. And 36 patients (36 eyes) were enrolled as IOLMater group, including 23 males and 13 females, aged from 24 to 61y(mean: 41.9±9.5y). The preoperative visual acuity was finger counting (FC) to 0.25, as shown in Table 1.

This formula was utilized to calculate the required IOL power in our present study. In view of the comparative uniformity of patient, surgeon, surgery method, IOL type and calculation formula, we deemed that the biometric measurements were the main reason influencing the differences between the methods in this study. Studies have proposed that 54% deviation between actual diopter and prediction of diopter after cataract surgery comes from AL measurement, whereas 38% predicted from postoperative ACD and another 8% came from the evaluation of corneal curvature. Therefore, the accuracy of preoperative eye AL measurement is of particular importance

. In this study, the corneal curvature and ACD were measured using IOLMaster. AL is an indicator avoid refractive errors.Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate how to minimize the ALs measurement error.

综上所述，生活化数学教学方式可以有效帮助孩子们习得数学基础知识，将那些抽象难懂的知识内容变得更加具体化，帮助同学更好地理解，是小学数学教学方法当中不错的选择，此也是新课背景下对于小学语数学教学的新要求。生活化教学对于同学们的以后发展都存在着深远的影响，进一步可以达到同学们全面发展这一目标。

All the surgeries in this study were performed by the same experienced surgeon and all the patients were implanted with the same type of IOL. In the selection of formulas for calculating the IOL power, previous studies have shown that the Haigis formula has a high accuracy for highly myopic patients with AL＞28 mm

.

The corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth (ACD) of both groups were measured with IOLMaster 500 (Zeiss, Germany). In B-scan group, the ALs were measured with immersion B-scan using Souer A/B ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus (A-scan probe frequency was 10 MHz, and the axial resolution of A, B-scan were 0.12 mm). While in IOLMaster group, the ALs were measured with IOLMaster 500 (Zeiss, Germany). The IOL power was calculated by the built-in Haigis formula in IOLMaster 500 for all patients. During the immersion B-scan, B-mode ultrasound gain was adjusted to 85 dB. A Hansen immersion shell was placed on the ocular surface and the B-ultrasound probe was inserted into the immersion shell 5-10 mm from the cornea. The center of the anterior and posterior lens capsule pointed to the macular, and the intersection point between the sampling line and retina was about 4.5 mm from the disc center or about 3 mm from the optic nerve edge (Figure 1A)

.The AL=D

+986/1532×D

(D

represents distance from the corneal vertex to the posterior pole of lens or central point of capsule; D

represents distance from the lens posterior pole or central point of capsule to the macular surface, respectively;Figure 1B)

. The final AL was calculated from the average value of three consecutive measurements of the distances. All examinations were performed by the same senior physician.

RESULTS

传统的并行多模数字中频结构由于模块的类比使用,每次只有一种通信模式工作,造成太多硬件资源的浪费。而固定参数配置的中频方案由于滤波器类型和前后位置以及抽取级数和抽取系数早就固定,使得其灵活性和资源利用率不高。再者,对于数字混频后的I、Q两路信号在滤波和抽取模块中是完全一模一样的重复结构,这样也会浪费FPGA硬件资源。基于以上两种结构的不足之处,本文设计出一种优化的动态参数配置多模数字中频优化结构,如图4所示。

（2）注重底板围岩的状况。在进行安全洞开挖作业时，难免会出现部分区域底板过度渗水的现象，加之岩石的强度较弱，当运输车辆在施工区域长期来回时，将形成大范围碾压。基于此，应对该部分进行换填混凝土施工处理，可有效避免底板过度超挖现象，并提升钢支撑的稳定性，对隧道安全具有促进作用。

The patients’ main details at the time of treatment were summarized in Table 1.

In B-scan group, the baseline ALs measured by immersion B-ultrasound was 30.46±1.63 (range 28.09-33.51) mm, while the postoperative ALs measured by IOLMaster 500 was30.51±1.21 (range 28.03-33.90) mm (

=0.644,

=0.542). In IOLMaster group, the baseline ALs measured by IOLMaster 500 was 30.51±1.21 (range 28.43-33.69) mm, while the ALs measured by IOLMaster 500 at 3mo after surgery was 30.43±1.27 (range 28.54-33.50) mm (

=1.843,

=0.074).

At 3mo after surgery, the BCVA was not significant difference between two groups (

=0.086,

=0.932), as well as the absolute refractive error (

=1.615,

=0.112) and mean postoperative refractive spherical equivalent between two groups (

=0.671,

=0.505). In B-scan group, absolute refractive error within±0.50, ±1.00, and ±1.50 D was found in 18 (58.1%), 26(83.9%), and 31 (100%) cases, respectively. In IOLMaster group, it was 23 (63.9%), 34 (94.4%), and 36 (100%) cases(

=0.757,

=0.449; Table 2).

All the surgeries were successfully completed with retinal reattachment, and no obvious silicone oil droplets were found in the vitreous cavity. The anterior capsule and posterior capsule of the lens were intact in all patients, and the IOLs were implanted into the capsule.

DISCUSSION

High myopia is very common and one of the major causes of social blindness. It is characterized by AL elongation, and induces various specific complications, including retinal detachment from peripheral retinal tears, foveoschisis, cataract formation, macular hole with or without retinal detachment,peripapillary deformation, choroidal/scleral thinning, domeshaped macula, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and glaucoma

.

With the development of vitreous retinal surgery, vitrectomy combined with intravitreal filling of silicone oil is a predominant surgical approach for complex vitreoretinal disease, but it could make the lens affected, leading to the development or aggravation of cataracts whose incidence was reported up to be 100%

. To avoid the increased trauma and economic burden of two surgeries (extraction of silicone oil was performed, lens extraction combined with IOL implantation were performed at stage I), all patients in this study underwent silicone oil removal combined with lens removal and IOL implantation.

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of PLA General Hospital, and all the patients had written the informed consents.

The refractive state of the patients and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recorded by logMAR were obtained. The diopter was calculated by spherical equivalent (SE). The absolute refractive error of the two methods was calculated, that is, the difference between the reserved diopter and the actual diopter 3mo after surgery.

②预制混凝土板:预制混凝土板要平整，严格按照设计及相关规范要求施工，坡面误差不得大于±0.5 cm，板下严禁用小石子、中粗砂找平；板与板之间缝控制在1.5～2.5 cm之间。

Silicone oil is a colorless transparent liquid with good light transmittance and refractive index of 1.40. Therefore, it is feasible to carry out optical biological measurement of silicone oil filling eyes theoretically. IOLMaster, as a novel non-contact optical coherent biological biometric instrument, is easy to operate and non-contact measurement. IOLMaster can be used to accurately measure the ALs of silicone oil-filled eyes

.However, the ALs of patients with severe cataract cannot be measured by IOLMaster, which depends on optical principle,but with the help of traditional A-ultrasound. Clinically,traditional A-ultrasound can be used to accurately measure the ALs of most patients, but for patients with high myopia,especially those with ultra-high myopia before surgery, the pseudo prolongation of vitreous cavity caused by long vitreous cavity and silicone oil filling in patients with axial myopia,coupled with the effect of severe lens opacity on ultrasonic transmission, makes it difficult or impossible to measure retina echo during A-ultrasound measurement, leading to pseudoshort ALs or large deviation and poor repeatability of ALs.The basic principle of segmented measurement of AL by immersion B-scan ultrasonography is to use corresponding sound velocity values for segmented sound velocity measurement of media with different sound velocity on the measurement path in the eyeball, so it is particularly critical to determine the sound velocity of silicone oil. The ultrasonic speed of silicone oil is related to its viscosity, and there are differences in the sound speed of different brands and models of silicone oil. In our study, all patients filled with the same silicone oil and undergone scheduled silicone oil removal when complete retinal reattachment was achieved within 6mo after silicone oil injection without silicone oil emulsification.Compared with IOLMaster 500, this measurement method has the possibility of corneal injury, and has higher requirements for the technique and experience of the examiner. Based on our measurement skills of accurately measuring the AL of high myopia by immersion A/B ultrasound in previous studies

,we evaluated the accuracy of immersion B-scan segmented measurement of ALs in ultra-high myopia patients with cataract secondary to silicone oil filling by comparing with IOLMaster 500, providing a theoretical basis for its clinical application. To our knowledge, there is no study showing the reliability of our device for the measurement of AL in ultrahigh myopia patients with cataract secondary to silicone oil filling in the current literature.

To explore ALs measurement accuracy of the immersion B-scan segmented measuring method, ALs of IOLMaster group were measured by using the silicone oil-filled lens eye mode of the IOLMaster’s AL menu. The ALs measurement accuracy was illustrated by the comparison of ALs of IOLMaster group before and after surgery and the prediction deviation in 3mo after surgery, and our results were in line with previous studies

. In the present study, after failing to measure the ALs of 31 patients in B-scan group with IOLMaster, the contact A-ultrasound was used to measure in the sitting position, showing that retina echo of 13 patients could not be even detected. We have solid clinical research experience in the accurate measurement of AL of high myopia by using immersion B-scan

. To solve the above-mentioned problem,after full-eye imaging with immersion B-scan in this study,segmented measurement with A-ultrasound was performed.Its basic mechanism is to measure (or correct) each segment of media with distinct sound velocity on the measurement path using the corresponding sound velocity. In addition,although 20 mHz has a higher resolution than 10 mHz B-type ultrasound, its sound attenuation is large and the detection depth is small, which cannot meet the measurement of this study. Therefore, 10 mHz B-type ultrasound was adopted in this study. Compared with IOLMaster, this measurement method has the possibility of corneal injury, and has higher requirements for the technique and experience of the examiner.In this study, there was no statistical difference between the preoperative ALs (segmented measurement using immersion-B scan) and the postoperative ALs (IOLMater) in B-scan group,indicating the high accuracy of segmented measurement method using immersion B-scan as IOLMaster in measuring ALs and the prediction of postoperative refraction. The immersion B-scan image is of two-dimensional brightness modulation type, can display various biometric reference interfaces intuitively, especially the vitreous cavity in pseudodilated state after silicone oil filled. In addition, we can guide patients to rotate eyes to adjust eye position at any time through the intuitive real-time image. The sampling lines of vector A-ultrasound could provide accurate guide information for placing electronic measuring ruler, avoiding the possible mal-alignment. This is the basis of accurate AL measurement by immersion B-scan ultrasound method. After the precise measurement of each segment length, all patients were injected with the same type of silicone oil, and the correction coefficient of vitreous cavity length was the same, which could explain the accurate measurement of ALs with segmented measurement method by using immersion B-scan in this study.We proposed that the improved accuracy of immersion B-ultrasound biometry benefits from several quality control methods as following: 1) by adjusting the patient’s eye position and the infiltration depth of B-ultrasound probe, the double light band of cornea, the light band of anterior and posterior capsule of lens and the light band of retina with clear and intact optic nerve were clearly displayed on B-ultrasound echogram,and the tangent lines of light band of cornea, anterior and posterior capsule of lens were parallel to each other; 2)obtaining the widest light band of the posterior capsule; 3)the sampling line of vector A-ultrasound is perpendicular to all corneal-retinal interfaces from and passes through the pupil center; 4) Bergès

suggested that the intersection between the sampling line of vector A-ultrasound and the retina should be approximately 4.5 mm from the optic disc center, or the line from the corneal vertex to the optic disc center should be bias to the temporal side by 15°, where the macular central foveola located. However, it is worth noting that, based on PCI technology, although the agreement between the two devices was excellent, the IOLMaster 700 was more effective in obtaining biometric measurements in eyes with posterior subcapsular and dense nuclear cataracts

. It means that the ALs of a few patients in B-scan group may be accurately measured by IOLMaster 700. The limited number of cases is another limiting factor in our study. In addition, the retrospective nature of this study limits our comparisons. A larger patient series is needed for clearer information.

In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the immersion B-scan imaging is not affected by the cataract severity, and its biometry accuracy is generally consistent with that of IOLMaster 500 in ultra-high myopia patients with silicone oil filling concurrent severe cataract. It can be used as an accurate and reliable biological measurement method to solve clinical problems. In addition, immersion B-scan ultrasound method has advantages in acquiring the whole eye ultrasound images from anterior to posterior simultaneously and biological measurement under visualization, its more clinical practical value deserves further exploration.

The authors thank Mao-Nian Zhang, MD and Shou-Zhi He,MD, for their careful reading of the manuscript and their useful comments and suggestions.

想要提高玉米高产栽培技术的推广效率，推广部门及工作人员首先要做好推广当地的地质气候调查，针对即将进行推广的山区地质条件、气候条件等客观条件进行调查，针对性的选择更合适于推广的玉米种类，最大程度提高玉米种植过程中的抗倒伏、抗病虫害能力，有效提高玉米产量，提高玉米高产栽培技术推广应用效率。我国是一个多山的国家，地处不同气候条件、地质条件下的山区存在不同的种植需求，因此山区玉米高产栽培技术推广过程中需要遵循因地制宜的原则，万不可一概而论，盲目推广，例如冷凉地区需选择早熟、耐低温的高产玉米品种，气候湿润的低海拔山区需要筛选抗性强的品种，土地贫瘠的地区需要筛选耐瘠性较强的品种。

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82070921).

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