基于深度学习的高中英语读后续写教学探究
2022-02-27宋长珠
宋长珠
引言
深度学习指在教师引领下,学生围绕具有挑战性的学习主题,全身心积极参与、体验成功、获得发展的有意义的学习过程。在这个过程中,学生掌握学科的核心知识,理解学习的过程,把握学科的本质及思想方法,形成较强的内在学习动机、高级的社会情感、积极的态度、正确的价值观,成为既具独立性、批判性、创造性,又有合作精神、基础扎实的优秀学习者。深度学习不是信息的机械记忆与复制,而是在理解的基础上,学生能够批判性地学习新知识、新理论,并将学习的感受、感知与感悟有机地融入自己原有的认知结构中,在众多思想间进行联系,将已有的知识迁移到新的情境中,作出决策和解决问题(何玲、黎加厚 2005)。新课标对英语学科教学提出了更高的要求,教师要树立以培养学生英语学科核心素养为目标的英语学习活动观,设计一系列相互关联的“语言、文化、思维”三位一体的学习实践活动,让学生在学习理解、分析审思、阐释评判、表达观点、应用实践、迁移创新中提升学习能力,发展学科核心素养,从而落实立德树人根本任务。读后续写是一种新高考英语题型,先给出文章的某一部分,让学生以此为依据续写文章。读后续写充分考查学生的阅读和写作能力,而阅读和写作能力涉及思维、想象和语用等方面,要求他们在深度学习过程中掌握写作技能。深度学习强调学生主动参与、沟通、交流与合作,进行知识深加工和迁移运用,并进行反思与评价,以促进其综合能力的发展。这一学习理念的提出与新课标所要求的学生综合语言运用能力培养目标不谋而合,为英语课堂教学的改进和发展带来了契机。就读写能力而言,学生的输入与输出表现,不仅可以真实地反映其综合语言运用能力,还能激发其在第二语言习得中的思维活动。读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的学习活动,以输入与输出相互促进,将语言的学习与运用紧密结合(王初明 2010)。
下面,以2022年高考英语全国I、II卷读后续写为例,探究基于深度学习的高中英语读后续写教学策略。
一、高中英语读后续写存在的问题
读后续写缺乏内容、关键人物情感、语言风格等的协同。内容上言之无物,不知写什么、怎么写。部分学生没有读懂文章,不能领悟作者的写作意图,从而曲解主题和偏离主线。2022年高考英语全国I、II卷读后续写的主题是大卫(David)身残志坚,渴望参加比赛,但稍有自卑。“我”作为大卫的老师,热爱学生并欣赏他的坚强意志,在他要退出比赛时用自己的爱心支持和鼓励他克服困难,积极面对。大卫接受老师的建议,勇敢地完成比赛,体现出“人与自我”“人与社会”的主题。部分学生没有反复阅读续写文本,不能抓住原文的写作线索,随意添加故事人物,导致叙述内容偏离故事主线。有的学生重描写,轻情节,过分渲染大卫的悲伤难过,忽视了情感描写是为情节服务的关键要素。
二、基于深度学习的高中英语读后续写教学策略
教师是读写结合课程的设计者和实施者,其参与和投入程度对读后续写教学成功开展至关重要。开展读后续写教学对教师的要求:第一,教师要了解读后续写的基本步骤,认识到读写之间的关系。第二,教师要意识到读后续写的关键是思维的层次,思维的层次决定写作内容的层次,要把思维的培养和发展放在读写活动的中心位置。第三,教师要设计合理、有效的读写结合活动,确保学生使用从阅读中所获取的信息进行写作。在阅读教学过程中,教师要注重学生获取和整合信息的能力,培养其批判性思维能力,为其写作提供起点、证据和素材(王蔷 2020)。
(一)读后续写的时间分配
在读后续写时,时长建议为40分钟。以下为基本流程:
1.阅读原文(建议时长5分钟)
读后续写是基于协同效应的一种题型,通过对原文的理解,带动和促进写作能力的提升。因此,要完成续写,首先要细心研读原文,厘清原文的有效伏笔和语言特色,把握好主线,为后面的合理构思作好准备。
2.设计构思(建议时长4分钟)
结合两段给出的首句进行构思。续写的基调必须建立在符合逻辑、积极向上、具有正能量的基础上。前文须有所交代,把握主线,确定续写内容框架。
3.勾勒初稿(建议时长15分钟)
根据构思的框架,从剧情和情感两条线出发,围绕主要人物的所见、所闻、所思、所说、所做展开,注意关键人物和事件的有效定位,一气呵成,不要过于强调辞藻华丽,不必追求书写美观。这既是时间上的需要,又有利于续写脉络流畅。
4.润色提升(建议时长6分钟)
在初稿基础上,考虑从生动性和高级性方面对单词、词组和句型进行调整提升。在刻画细节时,要有巧妙交代相应角色的情感和心理,注意动作、环境有效嵌入,保持文章逻辑的流畅和写作风格的贯通。
5.定稿誉写(建议时长10分钟)
“整洁原则”明确页面整洁的重要性。学生应采用衡水体工整誊写,注意两段的均衡。
(二)深度学习下读后续写的写作方法
一篇好的读后续写强调内容的质量、续写的完整性、与原文情景的融洽度、上下文的衔接性和全文的连贯性。读后续写要求学生在掌握文章主线的情况下,用关键人物推动关键事件(主要矛盾)的发展,同时加入有效的情感、动作、心理和环境描写。教师应指导学生从厘清原文的伏笔、掌握原文的语言特色、定“两条”设“四点”主题升华三步掌握读后续写的核心要点,把握读后续写的本质及思想方法,从而续写出高质量的篇章,体验学习成功的快乐。
1.厘清原文的伏笔
对于学生来说,读后续写的关键点在于读懂原文,能有效获取原文的重要信息,也就是伏笔。实际上,很多学生只是了解原文的大概情节,没有获取足够多的有效伏笔信息,在续写情节时往往会逻辑混乱、天马行空,出现与原文协同度不高的逻辑问题。因此,要落实好读后续写题型,就要通过精读获取准确的原文信息伏笔点和合理、流畅的构思,然后串联情节,实现情节构建的合理性。以2022年高考英语全国I、II卷读后续写为例进行分析:
(1)It was the day of the big cross-country run.Students from seven different primary schools in and around the small town...(越野跑,对正常人来说都很难,对身体有残疾的大卫来说更难;来参加的人很多,为后文大卫害怕被嘲笑埋下伏笔。)
(2)He was small for ten years old.His usual big toothy smile was absent today.(他比同龄人小,并且有残疾,参加比赛虽然不易,但仍要参加,突出其勇敢。比赛结束时,受到在场师生的鼓励、钦佩,甚至尊敬,因此大卫的微笑表情不能缺失。)
(3)After making sure that David could run if he wanted,...his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward.(续写中可以用来描述大卫赛跑时的样子,是有效的动作描述,更是原文协同。)
(4)He always participated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing.David had not missed a single practice,and although he always finished his run long after the other children,he did always finish.(这是大卫最令人敬佩的品质。竭尽全力练习,平时积极参加各种比赛,应是“我”说服他参赛的关键点。两个always的部分可以用来描述大卫在比赛时的结果:他虽然不可能跑赢别人,但坚持跑完全程。这可能是学生容易忽视的地方。有的学生写成大卫获得第一名,不符合常理。)
(5)...,I was familiar with the challenges David faced and was proud of his strong determination.(此处是“我”能够成功鼓励大卫参加越野跑的基础。“我”是特殊教育老师,有经验,因此续写第一段时可以参照此句。)
2.掌握原文的语言特色
读后续写的实质是根据所提供的原文内容,写出主旨一致、逻辑顺畅、语言风格一致的故事结尾。因此,续写时除了考虑故事的主题思想、关注逻辑之外,还要高度关注续写部分和原文语言风格的一致性。主要从主要人物、时态、原文中的高级句式三个方面考虑。
主要人物:David,I
时态:Past tense,必须以第一人称叙述
高级句式:续写时尽可能用原文中的高级句式,体现语言风格的一致性。
(1)I looked around and finally spotted David,who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.(定语从句)
(2)After making sure that David could run if he wanted,I turned to find him coming towards me,his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward.(状语从句,独立主格结构)
(3)He always participated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing.(名词性从句)
3.定“两条”设“四点”主题升华
“两条”指情节线(Plot line)、情感线(Emotion line)。在读后续写题型中,续写部分往往是故事的高潮。此时要求学生合理展开想象,帮助故事主人公思考如何面对所处的局面,可以采取哪些行动,以及最终会得到怎样的结果。在构思过程中,合理、有效的方法是结合段首语推理情节,以及在这些情节发生的过程中伴随怎样的情感。在写作过程中尤其要关注“四点”:
第一点:位于续写第一段段首,流畅衔接前面的记叙文和第一段段首语;
第二点:位于续写第一段段尾,流畅衔接第二段段首语;
第三点:位于续写第二段段首,续写衔接第二段段首语;
第四点:文章结尾升华,给予读者正能量,揭示和强调剧情的寓意。
这“四点”决定了续写故事的发展方向。按照写作要求的不同侧重方向,将这四点划分为段首三点和结尾一点。段首三点指与段首句相关的三个点,即紧接两段段首句之后的两个点和第一段结尾的一个点。通过分析这三点可以保证整体故事的连贯性。第一点要限定剧情走向,同时为下文的展开留出足够的写作空间;第二点要达成两段之间的衔接,过渡不能突兀;第三点不仅要衔接第二段开头语,还要收束剧情,为结尾作铺垫。在创作过程中,学生要培养衔接意识,关注原文的隐含信息。
2022年高考英语全国I、II卷读后续写中的定“两条”、设“四点”:
Paragraph 1:We sat down next to each other,but David wouldn’t look at me.(根据第一段段首句可知,接下来“我”要和大卫沟通,鼓励他参加越野跑。根据第二段段首句可知,在第一段结尾处大卫改变想法,决定参加越野跑。)
基于首句的情节延伸:
Plot line:David wouldn’t look at me.→ Why?What was he doing then?How was he feeling then?
Emotion line:frustrated,heartbroken
Example:Frustrated and disappointed.He just ducked/drooped/hung his head,stared at his own shoes.Judging from his expression,it was evident that he was trapped in a dilemma.
Plot line:We sat down next to each other.→What did I say to encourage David to join in the cross-country run?How did David react to my encouragement?
Emotion line:determined
Example:Patting him gently on his shoulder,I said in a soft voice.“You never missed a single practice.You always finished every run.Do you want your efforts to end up in vain?”Hearing these words,he turned his head,tears shining in his eyes,and murmured,“but other kids will laugh at me.”I assured him that he would be the best runner on condition that he finished the run.Finally,he agreed to run!注意所举例子中最后一句“Finally,he agreed to run!”与第二段开头作好有效衔接。
Paragraph 2:I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners.(根据第二段段首句可知,接下来应该是大卫参加越野跑的具体表现。根据故事主题和情节结构分析,段尾应该是大卫成功完成越野跑的场景,辅之情感表达高兴及感悟。)
How did he perform in the race?
(1)When he set his foot on the line,I was worried that other children would laugh at him,since so many kids gazed at him with curious eyes.However,so determined was David that he ignored everything around him,only watching forward.When the whistle rang,he tried his utmost to run as fast as possible.
(2)No sooner had the race begun than he just darted out.However,the cross-country race was not easy for normal people,let alone/not to mention a boy with physical challenges.
(3)The run began.All the runners rushed forward.David was the only one who rocked from side to side as he swung his feet forward,which made him very special among the other participants.
(4)All the kids disappeared swiftly like lightening into the forest,leaving David staggering and struggling his steps forward.
(5)Bearing great pain in his knees,he gritted his teeth,struggled to his feet and staggered to the finishing line,determination written on his face.
How did people react to David’s performance in the run?
Although David was the last to cross the finishing line,no one laughed at him.Thunderous applause erupted from the kids with everyone hailing David.His big toothy smile occurred again.
主题升华:其他学校的学生不会嘲笑大卫,反而会敬佩他,为他身残志坚和不畏困难坚持到最后的精神而鼓掌。主题升华的方法常常用细节呼应、喃喃自语、主题议论、寄情于景等方法。
(1)He did it,with encouragement and love from everyone present.It was a miracle.His usual big toothy smile would not be absent forever.(细节呼应)
(2)Eventually,he finished the running.Nearly out of breath,he walked to me and then gave me a hug.“Thank you!”he uttered,“Without you,I would never taste such sense of achievement of challenging myself.”(喃喃自语)
(3)It was then that I realized that despite his disease,no one laughed at such a beautiful soul,since he shone like a diamond with determination rooted in his heart.(主题议论)
(4)As was expected,David’s skinny body still rocked from side to side as she struggled to keep running.The crowd did spot David,but they didn’t laugh at him.Instead,thunderous cheers never stopped,which accompanied our little fighter all along the route.Not surprisingly,David was the last one to cross the finishing line.Yes,it took him longer,but we were glad to wait,all of us.(寄情于景)
结语
基于深度学习的高中英语读后续写教学,能提高学生的阅读理解能力、自主表达能力,培养其想象力和创造性思维。在教学中,教师应引导学生厘清原文的伏笔、掌握原文的语言特色和定“两条”设“四点”主题升华,加大对学生读后续写能力的训练,讲授读后续写的写作技巧,并注意情境协同和语言协同。在续写时,学生应合理拓展情节,有效衔接文章,保持语言风格的一致性,合理发挥想象,从而续写出高质量、完整、融洽、连贯的篇章。