千年喀山的独特韵味

文／杨眉 图／李沐

鲍曼步行街是喀山著名的步行街，两旁有独特的建筑和纪念碑。Bauman Street is a famous pedestrian street in Kazan,on both sides of which,there are unique buildings and monuments.

当地人说，他们不属于东方，也不属于西方，他们有自己的个性。的确，喀山居住着一半的俄罗斯族，一半的鞑靼族。不一样的民族，不一样的信仰，却和睦融洽地生活在一起，一起创造着一个现代化、多元化的城市。

“喀山”在鞑靼语中的意思是“大锅”。大约11世纪初，当时的统治者为了抵御外敌入侵，在山坡上修建了一座木质的城堡关卡，城堡的形状如同一个倒扣的大锅，这就是喀山的雏形，城市也因此得名。13世纪，这里建立了幅员辽阔的金帐汗国，后来鞑靼贵族脱离金帐汗国建立喀山汗国。1556年，沙皇伊凡雷帝征服了喀山，自此这块土地纳入俄罗斯版图。千年历史的积淀，使喀山成为俄罗斯重要的经济、文化、教育和宗教中心，成为可以与莫斯科、圣彼得堡媲美的城市，它们一同被列为俄罗斯三座A级历史文化城市。

喀山是俄罗斯最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一，其多样的建筑群深受游客青睐，斯拉夫式的拱门、罗马式的尖顶、蒙古包形的圆穹和中国式的雕梁画栋，还有16至18世纪的古塔和教堂等古迹，杂然纷呈，富有情趣。其中，2000年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录的克里姆林宫是独树一帜的建筑丰碑。这座幸存的鞑靼城堡是世界唯一的一处东正教建筑与伊斯兰教建筑相互包容、交相辉映、和睦共存的典范。在俄语中，克里姆林是内城之意，即古代俄国城市的中心部分，俄罗斯的莫斯科等多个城市都建有克里姆林宫，它们作为历史文物保存至今。

在喀山的历史上，有两个响亮的名字：俄罗斯文学泰斗列夫·托尔斯泰和革命导师列宁，他们都是从拥有两百年历史的喀山联邦大学走出来的。来到喀山的游客总会循着名人的足迹来到喀山联邦大学，在数学家罗巴切夫斯基曾经学习过的教室里看一看，在大文学家托尔斯泰萌发灵感的走廊走一走，或者是在列宁曾经学习过的座位上坐一坐……

喀山旅游资源丰富，名胜古迹众多，人文景观奇特。随着“一带一路”倡议实施以来，喀山在中国游客的心中也火了起来，不仅是中俄红色旅游项目的目的地之一，也是新丝绸之路上的重要一站，其独特的地理位置和历史文化吸引着越来越多的中国游客。

越来越多的中国游客把喀山当作旅游目的地。More and more Chinese tourists take Kazan as their tourist destination.

喀山多样的建筑群深受游客青睐。The diversified building complexes of Kazan are popular among visitors.

喀山为2018年俄罗斯世界杯比赛举办城市之一，中俄球迷在赛场外友好合影。Kazan is one of the cities holding the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.Chinese and Russian fans took a group photo amicably beside the pitch.

At the junction of central Russia and the Volga River Basin,there is the largest republic in the basin,the Republic of Tatarstan.Its capital Kazan,enjoying an advantageous geographical location,has always been a hub of East-West trade,known as the “Third Capital of Russia”.

In Kazan,half of its residents are Russians,and the other half are Tatars.The people differing in beliefs live together in harmony to jointly create a modernized,vibrant and diversified city.

“Kazan” means “cauldron”in Tartar.Around the early 11th century,the ruler built a wooden castle on the hillside as a defence against foreign invasion.The castle is shaped like an upturned cauldron,which is the prototype of Kazan.Hence,the city got the name.With millennia of historical deposits,Kazan has become an important center of economy,culture,education and religion in Russia.

喀山火车站是欧洲最大的火车站之一，2018年专门开设了免费的世界杯球迷专列。Kazan Train Station is one of Europe’s largest train stations,which specially offered free trains for World Cup fans in 2018.

The surviving Tartar castle is the world’s only model of Orthodox and Muslim buildings ac-commodating each other,adding radiance to each other and coexisting harmoniously.“Kremlin”means inner city in Russian,i.e.,the center of an ancient Russian city.There are Kremlins in many cities of Russia,including Moscow.So far,they are well-preserved as historical relics.

In the history of Kazan,there are two resounding names:Russian literary giant Leo Tolstoy and revolutionary mentor Lenin,who both came from Kazan Federal University (KFU) with its history of two centuries.In Kazan,visitors usually follow the footprints of celebrities to KFU,sit in the classroom where mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky studied,walk down the corridor where literary giant Tolstoy was inspired,or sit on the seat where Lenin studied...