长链烯酮在西北大西洋重建全新世气候变化的研究进展
2022-02-12RashidHarunur
王 丹, Rashid Harunur
长链烯酮在西北大西洋重建全新世气候变化的研究进展
王 丹, Rashid Harunur
(上海海洋大学海洋科学学院, 上海 201306)
长链烯酮; 海洋表层温度; 冰融水; 烯酮%C37:4; 西北大西洋
全新世西北大西洋古气候变化的控制因素众多, 其中3个最主要的变化机制为: 1) 北半球65°N夏季太阳辐射的减弱是导致温暖的早全新世向较冷的晚全新世气候转变的主要机制之一[15-17]; 2) 来自极地或陆地残留冰盖的淡水输入通过改变海洋表层温度和盐度, 直接影响深层水的形成[18-19]。特别是有研究表明, 劳伦太德冰盖的Agassiz湖和Ojibway湖崩塌排泄的淡水引发了10.2 ka、8.2 ka等冷事件, 并削弱了深层水的形成[20-22]; 3) 末次冰期阶段, 北极锋从原本的南部位置撤退, 使得表层洋流(冷而淡的LC和暖而咸的NAC)重组和增强(图1)。因此, 研究认为SPG强弱状态的转换取决于剩余冰盖排放的淡水量[18-19, 23]。表层洋流的重组显著影响了加拿大东部边缘以及更为广阔的北大西洋北部的SST[24]。而SST的重建有利于评估全新世以来的古气候变化。
1 长链烯酮重建SST的概况
2 西北大西洋长链烯酮的研究
在世界各个大洋中, 长链烯酮广泛用于重建古气候学变化。这在北大西洋海域已有相当多且早的应用, 不仅是因为该海域本身的研究意义, 也是因为这里具有不同的环境特征, 有利于探讨长链烯酮的应用差异。图1, 表1中列出了北大西洋海域(以西侧为主)烯酮的研究情况, 但图表中并未列出所有的数据, 仅列出位于30°N与80°N之间的重要数据点, 在文中有所使用。
2.1 烯酮指标的现代过程
图1 北大西洋区域地图
注: LC-拉布拉多洋流; EIC-东冰岛洋流; EGC-东格陵兰洋流; IC-伊尔明厄洋流; SPG-副极地环流; WGC-东格陵兰洋流; NAC-北大西洋流; Nfld-纽芬兰岛; 图中圆形的颜色对应年均SST
表1 图1中各数据来源
2.2 低温海域烯酮的应用
3.1 营养盐对烯酮的影响
图2 烯酮不饱和度、和分别对年均和春-夏SST的回归模型[56]
3.2 横向平流和成岩作用对烯酮的影响
3.3 烯酮合成的季节性
4 %C37:4对海洋环境变化的指示作用
研究表明, 海洋环境中的C37:4主要出现在温度较低的海水中, Sicre等[65]和Bendle等[31]在北大西洋寒冷的极地海水(Arctic waters)中曾检测到含量较高的C37:4。Sikes等[69]也曾对大西洋、太平洋和南大洋的水体样品进行检测, 发现C37:4大多存在于盐度、温度都较低的水体中。Rosell-Melé等[59]最早提出%C37:4与盐度之间的函数关系; Sicre等[65]指出北大西洋%C37:4与盐度呈负相关(2= 0.78)。Bendle等[31]曾对%C37:4能否作为表层海水盐度指标进行评估, 认为其更适用于指示北大西洋淡水输入。Filippove等[56]曾推测, 融水输入导致盐度改变, 这可能会使藻类离开原本的耐盐区(salt tolerance zone), 导致了烯酮生物合成的改变。
在格陵兰西北岸的迪斯科湾, %C37:4的增加(最高可达28%)指示融水供应的增强; 其减少时, 融水通量也有相应的减少[32]。该研究区域海水盐度较低, 主要受格陵兰冰盖融水的影响。相似的, %C37:4在北极的北欧海和巴伦支海区域亦可指示寒冷北极水的输入[60]。此外, 在寒冷的拉布拉多海西北部, %C37:4还可用于指示海冰边缘环境, 当海冰覆盖减少时, C37:4的占比也有所降低, 与底栖有孔虫丰度指示的海冰信号相符[33]。在邻近的拉布拉多陆架南部, Lochte等[4]再次证明了高%C37:4(最高可达20%)指示海冰覆盖增多, 也可能是融水输入增强, %C37:4的降低反映海水温度的回升和海冰覆盖的减少。尽管此前仍有研究者对此提出异议[69], 但%C37:4指标仍有较为广泛的应用, 尤其是在受海冰影响且盐度较低的海域[31]。
5 总结与展望
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Progress in using the long-chain alkenones to reconstruct the Holocene climate changes in northwest Atlantic Ocean
WANG Dan, Rashid Harunur
(College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)
long-chain alkenones; sea surface temperature; meltwater; alkenone %C37:4; northwest Atlantic Ocean
Dec. 28, 2020
P736.4
A
1000-3096(2022)1-0181-11
10.11759/hykx20201228005
2020-12-28;
2021-01-29
国家自然科学基金项目(41776064, 41976056)
[National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 41776064; 41976056]
王丹(1996—), 女, 江苏盐城人, 硕士研究生, 从事古海洋学研究, 电话: 15061952053, E-mail: 943795544@qq.com; RASHID Harunur(1969—),通信作者, 男, 教授, 博导, 从事海洋地质、古海洋学、低温地球化学研究, E-mail: Harunurbhola@gmail.com
(本文编辑: 赵卫红)
