四招破解阅读理解“文章标题”选择题
2021-11-29蓝利霞
蓝利霞
文章标题通常是对文章内容的高度概括。“文章标题”选择题在高考英语阅读理解中属于主旨大意题,是深层理解题。此类题目要求考生在通读全文的基础上,分析文章中主人公的特定心态、文章的大意和写作意图。因为“文章标题”选择题具有一定的难度,所以很多学生面对其给出的四个选项时,常常会无从下手,乱选一通。
为了攻克阅读理解的“文章标题”选择题,同学们必须对近年英语高考题(以全国卷为例)有一定的了解,方能做到“知己知彼,百战百胜”。
从上面的表格可以看出,首先,近三年的全国高考英语试题的阅读理解部分都有一道考查“文章标题”的题目;其次,近三年全国卷的“文章标题”选择题通常出现在难度较大的阅读理解D篇中;最后,无论“文章标题”选择题的提问方式如何,题干中都包含了title(标题)这个单词。
明白了“文章标题”选择题在高考阅读理解中考查的频率和提问的方式后,同学们面对此类题目时,大可不必慌张。因为解答“文章标题”选择题是有法可依、有章可循的。通常,解答此类题有如下四种方法。
一、首尾法
文章的标题就是文章浓缩版的主旨,而文章的主旨通常是通过文章的主题句来体现的。解答阅读理解“文章标题”选择题的最重要的方法就是寻找主题句,考生可采用略读法快速而准确地找到主题句,而文章的主题句通常出现在文章的首段和尾段。有时,文章的主题句不明显,但是文章的开头和结尾也会给考生极大的提示。
【例1】(2019·全國Ⅲ卷阅读理解B篇)
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“Its no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
…
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
解析:文章第一段“For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.”是主题句,指出“于西方设计师而言,中国及其丰富的文化长期以来一直是西方创意的源泉”。文章的其他段落都是围绕着这个主题句而展开的,所以对比四个选项,D选项“中国文化推动国际时尚潮流”是正确的。
【例2】(2020·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
…
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
解析:最后一段“Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”指出“因为照明通常远离电源,例如发电厂到偏远公路上路灯的这段距离,在传输过程中会损失大量能量。发光的植物可以缩短距离,从而有助于节约能源”。据此可知,C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗?”是最符合文章的标题。因此C选项是正确答案。
二、关键词法
不少文章的主题句并不明显,需要考生仔细体会字里行间的意义,从整体上把握文章的主旨,才能够归纳概括出文章的标题。面对这种情况,考生心里往往如一团乱麻,不知所措。对此,考生可以用关键词法来推出文章的标题。英语阅读理解的文章中,往往会反复出现某个单词或词组,这些多次重现的单词或词组通常就是体现文章主旨的关键词。当考生找不到主题句或不确定哪个是文章的主题句时,可以根据关键词法来选择文章的标题。
【例3】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解C篇)
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
解析:文章的第一段介绍了背景知识,第二段、第三段中反复出现了duck和stamp两个单词,可以推断出它们是文章的关键词。结合文章内容,使用排除法,可推出正确答案为A选项。
【例4】(2020·全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇)
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
解析:文章中反复出现了library这个词,可推出其是文章的关键词,根据这个关键词可以排除A选项和B选项。再结合文章内容,可以排除C选项,所以答案是D选项。
三、题干归纳法
不少考生因词汇不足无法理解文章大意,在选择文章标题时,不加思考,胡乱选择。其实,此类考生可以从题干入手寻找解题思路。阅读理解题的题目都是围绕文章的主旨而设置的,并且,大部分为简单句,便于考生理解。在读懂前面3个题干的基础上,大家更容易捕捉文章主旨,从而确定标题。
【例5】(2021·全国乙卷阅读理解C篇)
28.What are Von Wongs artworks intended for?
29.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
30.What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
解析:第28題问“Von Wong的艺术作品的目的在于什么?”第29题问“作者为什么在第三段讨论塑料吸管?”第30题问“Truckload of Plastic对观众产生了什么影响?”从上述题干可知,这篇文章的主旨与“塑料”和“艺术”有关,可先排除B选项和C选项。再根据Von Wong的艺术品是用海洋里面的塑料做的,可排除A选项,故选D项。
四、新颖正能量法
标题往往具有“新颖性”的特点,能吸引读者的注意力,唤起读者阅读文章的兴趣。考生在选择文章标题时可关注哪些选项具有“新颖性”。除了“新颖性”,考生更要注意标题的“正能量性”,因为高考题要落实立德树人的根本任务,引导学生德智体美劳全面发展,发挥育人功能和积极导向作用。
【例6】(2019·全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇)
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice—You Wont Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best—You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
解析:A.友善待人——你不会倒数;B.地位越高,越好;C.成为最好的自己——你就能成功;D.多自我控制,少点攻击。根据正能量原则,可以先排除B选项和D选项。C选项“成为最好的自己——你就能成功”这一标题给人焦虑感,在学校,不可能每个人都成为成绩最好的学生。只有A选项是最具有正能量的,并且其标题的后半部分“You Wont Finish Last”具有新颖性。最后结合文章可推出,选项A是正确的。
同学们想要正确选出阅读理解的文章标题,平时就需要养成良好的阅读习惯,并且阅读的素材和体裁要广泛。在此基础上,同学们还要掌握科学的解题思路和分析方法,首尾法、关键词法、题干归纳法、新颖正能量法就有助于高效快速地锁定阅读理解“文章标题”选择题的答案。