Discuss on the Countermeasures and Measures for the Development of Yunnan-style Gardens in the Southwestern Frontier of China

Hui LIANG Qizhi LI Jiang ZHU Xiuping CHEN Zixi LIANG Li QUAN Guiying YANG Yushu HUANG

Abstract Yunnan gardening in the southern extension of the Himalayas has its specificity.   Because of extremely rich elements, the natural endowment has objectively "casted" a series of vivid "Chinese ink paintings", that is to say you can "move and then see a new scene, turn and then face a new view". Yunnan-style gardens, which imply truth in "paintings" by intricately carving and constantly improve the connotation and extension creation process, are not only an economic phenomenon, but also a cultural category and the crystallization of the collective wisdom of all ethnic groups in Yunnan. The "Yunnan-style gardens" system is being constructed.  This paper traced the growth process and proposed development countermeasures and measures based on the analysis of Yunnans resource endowment.

Key words Yunnan garden; Yunnan-style garden; Scenic spot; Landscape garden; Agricultural industrialization; urban greening

Received: July 13, 2021  Accepted: August 10, 2021

Hui LIANG (1964-), male, P.R. China, professor-level senior engineer, national registered safety engineer, master, double bachelor's degree, devoted to research about tourism, Yunnan-style gardens, urban and rural planning, safe production of construction, landscape cities and the earth landscape and human living space.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: 897501660@qq.com.

Based on Yunnans Resource Endowment

The 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (referred to as COP15) will be held in Kunming, China during October 11-24, 2021, to "develop a global biodiversity framework after 2020"［1］, which is one of the major events in the political life of the Chinese people.

Parties and other governments will consider establishing commitments to biodiversity, individually or collectively, and on a voluntary basis, as appropriate according to their national conditions. Such commitments will help achieve the three objectives of the Convention: increasing national biodiversity strategy and action plan, promoting the realization of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and facilitating the effective post-2020 global biodiversity framework without prescribing the results of the process of establishing the framework, and simultaneously facilitating the realization of the 2050 biodiversity vision and share of the information about these commitments through the clearing-house mechanism and other means.

With the Tropic of Cancer crossing, Yunnan is located on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southern extension of the Himalayas. It has many ravines, obvious three-dimensional climate, numerous ethnic groups, diverse cultures, and rich natural resources especially rare and endangered wild animals and plants, natural and beautiful landscape, and very rich natural elements for garden making.

Highlighting the "elements" of the Yunnan-style garden resources: Beautiful mountains and waters, rare and endangered wild animal and plant resources, three-dimensional and diverse climatic zone resources, rich and colorful ethnic cultures, especially Yunnans various unique minority cultures, populations of very small animals and plants, counties and cities along the Ailao Mountains recognized as Dayangba, Yunnans unique ecological and natural environment types and transnational customs that can create new species have laid a solid material foundation for the vigorous development of Yunnan-style gardens, such colorful and charming human resources, "eighteen biological resources", and natural ecological resources［2］.

Yunnan-style gardens are not only gardening and horticulture, crop cultivation, plant planting, flower potted planting and root bonsai application, reasonable configuration of construction and building, and a harmonious symbiotic ecological system absorbing various cultures and various organisms, but also an art, culture, and a representative of economic industry and large-scale agricultural industrialization. Yunnan-style gardens are built on the southern extension of the Himalayas and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau based on nature, resources, and humanities. They are a physical image of a better life in urban and rural areas jointly created by people of all ethnic groups in the long-term production and life［3］.

Characteristics of Yunnan Gardens

Yunnan-style gardens not only inherit the traditional Chinese culture, especially the culture of the Central Plains, but also pay attention to learning and using European and American gardening experience to develop hand in hand, so the culture of Yunnan-style gardens is open and inclusive［4］.

The realistic features of Yunnan-style gardens: The "Three Natures" (Past, Present, and Future)

The "Three Natures" of Yunnan-style gardens

Due to the level of economic development, transportation and communication constraints, and also out of awe of nature, urban parks, botanical gardens and zoos were built while maintaining the natural environment, using animals and plants, so as to enrich urban life and provide some places for leisure life, which is the past of Yunnan-style gardens.

After the reform and opening up, especially after the successful holding of the 1992 "Third China Art Festival" in Kunming and the 1999 World Horticultural Exposition, "people, wealth and material" accumulate, and taking advantage of the delimitation of nature reserves, declaration of scenic spots, tourism, urban and rural construction, real estate development, economic development zone construction, "urban living environment improvement activities", "rural black and odorous water treatment", "seven special actions" ", industrial transformation and upgrading, labor transfer, etc., Yunnan gardens are springing up like bamboo shoots, which is the "now" of Yunnan-style gardens. Garden cities, civilized cities, environmental protection model demonstration cities, tourist cities, sanitary cities, beautiful counties, beautiful military camps, characteristic towns and oxygen bar cities have become the symbols of this period, and they have become the "loud business cards" of local governments［5］.

Human beings pursue high-quality life and economic and social intensive development and progress. With the green water and green mountains being the golden mountains and silver mountains, the construction of the ecological demonstration zone and national defense barriers, the application of digital intelligent technology and ideas, and the participation of various professional graduates, Yunnan-style gardens will inevitably become an important force in the use and contribution of "landscapes of mountains and rivers and human living spaces". Yunnan-style gardeners have high hopes for its "future" development and are full of confidence to achieve a complete system, distinctive features, complete functions, and efficient operation［6］.

The past, present and future of Honghe gardens

Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Honghe Prefecture for short) upholds the use of resources, follows the laws of economics, nature, and biology, and opens up a large industry and a large pattern. Since the founding of the state, especially the reform and opening up, the large experimental field, the large construction site, and the large achievements have been eclectic and compatible with development. As an important part of Yunnan-style gardens, Honghe gardens have become a new growth point in economic development and the leader of the tertiary industry, which has strongly promoted the development of the digital industry, agriculture, real estate, construction, municipal and public utilities and other related industries such as the primary industry, the secondary industry, and the fourth industry (intelligent industry), and the comprehensive driving effect is prominent. In addition, Honghe Prefecture took the lead in the province to appraise the "Double Sisters" of State Tree and State Flower in 2014［17］. In 2016, under the guidance of the United Nations Environment Program, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme, at the 7th China Green Development High-level Forum, Honghe Prefecture was awarded "2015 Chinas Top Ten Green Cities", and one individual won the "Special Contribution Award"［20］.

Among the 13 counties and cities in Honghe Prefecture, 7 counties and cities have at least 1 wetland park, 3 national nature reserves are distributed in 6 counties and cities, 3 counties and cities have 1 provincial nature reserve (spot) each, 10 counties and cities (among which there are 3 national garden cities and county towns and 7 provincial garden cities (county towns)) have garden cities (county towns), and 11 counties and cities are scenic spots among which 2 are national-level scenic spots, 6 are provincial-level scenic spots, and 3 are prefecture-level scenic spots. Jianshui is a national historical and cultural city, Shiping is a provincial historical and cultural city, and there are 14 famous historical and cultural towns, villages and cultural blocks at the national and provincial level, and 124 Chinese traditional villages. The Tuanshan ancient village of Jianshui is a world monumental architectural heritage［8］.

As of the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the total area of the scenic spots in Honghe Prefecture has reached more than 1 080 square kilometers, accounting for 3.3% of the prefectures land area, of which 741.3 square kilometers is nature reserves, accounting for 68.6% of the total area of scenic spots, and accounting for 2.3% of the prefectures land area［8］.

Honghe Prefecture has established a complete landscape architecture system. It has become an important large scenic prefecture of China, an animal and plant germplasm gene bank, and an ideal place for natural and human studies such as desertification, petrification near the Tropic of Cancer, populations of very small animal and plant species, very small ethnic groups, and traditional houses in southwestern regions, and has become an important characteristic of tourism resource endowment in Honghe Prefecture［8］.

With the development of Yunnan-style gardens, Honghe gardens is a major contributor and has developed distinctive features.

Parks and squares in thirteen counties and cities: hard pavement+dry fountain+hard sculpture

During the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plan, Honghe Prefecture, like Yunnan Province, had great economic development and the concept of environment has been greatly improved, and urban construction marked by real estate development promoted the "Three Ones" (each city developed a park, water plant, and garbage treatment plant) and the "three eights" (8 square meters per capita of urban roads, parks and green spaces, and housing areas each), which has promoted the environmental construction of urban parks and squares in Honghe Prefecture. Meanwhile, in order to welcome the 1992 China Art Festival and the 1999 World Expo, except for the size of the area, almost all of the 13 counties and cities in the prefecture were built by the same company with city squares with hard marble paving+dry fountain+hard sculpture (so far, due to strong ultraviolet rays, dry weather, poor water quality, poor water sources, etc., few such squares are left). However, as a kind of "cultural phenomenon" facing the "big opening and big development" situation at the time of reform and opening up, it strongly supported the construction of urban disaster prevention and avoidance green space［13］, which played a significant role in promoting and leading the development of Yunnan-style gardens.

The only two listed "Red River Greening Companies" in Yunnan registered in Honghe Prefecture: Green-land Greening Corporation and Jicheng Group

Yunnan Green-land Greening Corporation is the first listed company in Yunnan, and was established in the Hekou Nongken Rubber Farm, which is across the river from Vietnam. It mainly engaged in flowers, greening projects and other related businesses. Its business operation and operating efficiency were both good. The greening business had a good social share and social reputation. In the middle and late stages, the company expanded its business and became the first listed green company in Yunnan taking advantage of the trend. Later, the corporation moved to Kunming. Due to major changes in the corporate governance structure and higher management requirements, in the early and mid-twentieth century, the company faced problems with its operations and faced delisting. Afterwards, it barely survived through mixed reforms and other methods. However, it is still an example of Yunnans greening enterprises connecting with international standards and moving towards the international market, and has played a role in promoting the establishment of the application of modern corporate systems in Yunnan. It promotes the establishment and development of the Yunnan style gardens, leaving a "researchable" heritage for future generations.

Jicheng Greening Group Corporation, the second listed company in Yunnan, was established in the late 1990s and is a successful case of enterprise industrial transformation and group development. By 2020, the company has developed into one of the well-known enterprises inside and outside the province, achieving tremendous effects of resource utilization and corporate survival and development. The output value has soared year after year. Jicheng Greening Group Corporation has obvious advantages in corporate culture and talents. With its own intellectual property rights, target markets, and network contacts, it contributes to the governments poverty alleviation and labor employment, and provides a model for the transformation and upgrading of industries and enterprises, and the operation and management of greening enterprises. In recent years, it has been reported that the company intends to withdraw from the market. If it becomes a reality, it will undoubtedly be a topic for the survival and development of green enterprises, which needs special research at the national level. Its influence on the development of gardens and the promotion of Yunnan-style gardens needs further observation and research.

Agricultural Biotechnology2021

The "Four Holes and One Mountain" and the "World Heritage of Hani Terraces" in Honghe, Yunnan Province, contribute to the tourism industry of Yunnan as a resource of "Yunnan-style gardens"

Since the beginning of the 1980s, Honghe Prefecture has successively developed and opened the "four holes and one mountain" (referring to the first batch of national provincial scenic spots and historical and cultural cities in Yunnan, Jianshui Yanzi Cave, Mile Bailong Cave, Luxi Alu Ancient Cave, Kaiyuan South Cave, Pingbian Dawei Mountain and other national-level provincial scenic spots and historical and cultural cities). In 1992, all 13 counties and cities in Honghe Prefecture were opened to foreigners and entered the era of "Red River Tourism". Meanwhile, the prestige of Yunnans tourism industry has been strongly promoted, especially after the successful declaration of the "Hani Terraces World Heritage" after 2013, Yunnans tourism industry has shown a multi-polar development trend, and promoted the great development of infrastructure such as railway, road, and airport in Yunnan Province, playing a certain role in the overall victory of the provinces "poverty alleviation" and economic and social development［7］.

In the past ten years, the urban construction of Honghe Prefecture is represented by counties and cities such as Mile, Mengzi, and Jianshui. Urban landscaping seedlings range from 8 900 yuan per tree to as high as one million yuan, or even nearly 10 million yuan per tree (referring to precious, rare, famous trees). The comprehensive output value of the urban greening garden seedling industry was 1 042.1 million yuan in 2013, 18.77 million yuan in 2014, 2 627.7 million yuan in 2015, and 5 billion yuan in 2020. In 2016, the urban landscaping nursery stock industry hired 112 000 farmers, and the urban landscaping nursery stock industry companies paid five social insurances and one housing fund for them. And the annual seasonal and temporary employment reached 800 000 people, and the salary was 3 billion yuan/year. Meanwhile, greening companies such as Mile and Kaiyuan have organized 3 000 Mile and Kaiyuan farmers to participate in seedling production through the "company+base+farmer" order model, provide full-process technical services, and repurchase in accordance with the contract. Such model has driven more than 26 667 hm2, and the average household income has increased by more than 45 000 yuan［8］.

Due to the impact of the "New Corona-Virus Epidemic" in 2020 and 2021, the development of all walks of life is suppressed. During the 2017 Spring Festival Golden Week, Honghe Prefecture received 3.080 6 million tourists, a year-on-year increase of 33.84%, and continued to rank second in the province. Specifically, it received 1.019 5 million overnight tourists, a year-on-year increase of 107.6%, and received 2.061 million day-trip tourists, a year-on-year increase of 13.84% (including 14 800 day-trip tourists at the border, a year-on-year increase of 12.98%); and the tourism income was 1.901 billion yuan, showing a year-on-year increase of 69.28%. it ranks second in Yunnan Province after Kunming. Yumeng and Menghe Railway sent 73 742 passengers during the Spring Festival Golden Week, showing a year-on-year increase of 25.99%; and arriving passengers were 68 181, exhibiting a year-on-year increase of 22.43%. Yungui High-speed Railway Mile Station sent 23 117 passengers in 7 d during the Spring Festival, with an average of 3 302 passengers per day, 14 075 passengers, and an average of 2010 passengers per day［8］.

Interpretation of Yunnan-style garden phenomenon

Since the advocacy of the development of "Yunnan-style gardens" in the 1990s, there have been many profound development cases in various places. We summarized and enumerated four major historical events.

The 3rd China Art Festival in 1992 and the 99 Kunming World Expo

The art festival is the first time that the country held it in Yunnan, and the World Expo is the worlds first major event held in China. In 1999, due to the countrys trust in Yunnan and Yunnans own rich resource endowments, in addition to the 1992 Art Festival when various prefectures had done a large number of cultural scenic spots, urban construction and other "exquisite" projects and road traffic, city image, and large-scale comprehensive organization and management capabilities had all been rehearsed, practiced and improved, especially with the attention of the country, the support of all countries in the world, and the efforts of Yunnan, the 99 Kunming World Expo were successfully held. These two great events are both a highlight in the history of the development of the country, especially the Yunnan-style gardens, and they have also accumulated successful experience for the country to undertake and organize such major international events［7］.

Ethnic Village

Ethnic Village is a specialized garden developed after Shenzhen Window of the World and Beijing World Park in China. It is located on the bank of the beautiful Dianchi Lake and at the foot of the West Mountain in the scenic spot. It used to be very busy, but because of leaving the ancestral home, it was out of touch with the production and life of all ethnic groups, and even actors replaced the local people in the process of the park performance. Together with the fatigue of the sight and feeling of tourists to the specialized park, it gradually degenerate and step into the "dilemma" of the Window of the World and the World Park. Even so, it is also a useful attempt by Yunnans humanistic resources for the development of Yunnan-style gardens.

Pingbian Miao Town, a characteristic town

Pingbian Miao Town is now connected to high-speed rail and highways, similar to Kunmings "Ethnic Village", but it is a big living city. Relying on the elements of the Miao nationality, including the sea of clouds and green forests, the investment of high-quality human, financial and material resources, and comprehensive use of modern urban construction concepts such as sponge cities, making full use of the "Fog Sea Oasis" by Pingbian and the lush high-quality subtropical virgin forests and the pollution-free alkaline water seepage from the volcanic crater of Dawei Mountain, through the Jiudalian Lake which blooms with wonderful notes and the colorful Miao life, Pingbian has become the back of the national-level estuary port to escape the summer heat, the satellite city of the southern Yunnan community city cluster, and the national oxygen bar. It is a successful example of the construction of characteristic towns in Yunnan Province and a powerful portrayal of the development of Yunnan-style gardens［5］.

Hani rice terraces world heritage

Located near the Tropic of Cancer, the Hani rice terraces heritage is as famous as the world heritage of Philippine terraced fields on the equator. It is one of the worlds agricultural civilizations. The Hani people are descendants of the Qiang tribes who have lived in the Central Plains for a long time. Due to the war, the living environment has been seriously damaged, and they have gradually moved south and lived in the Ailao Mountain area along the Red River. With the addition of more than 1.66 million people in the world such as the mountain ethnic group Akha, the south bank of the Red River is the main settlement area. Relying on the four-dimensional environmental ecosystem of "forest+river+terraces+sea of clouds" for production and life, the  Hani rice terraces heritage is an important exhibition site for natural Yunnan-style garden ecosystems, rice culture, artificial wetlands, national key cultural relics protection units, nature reserves, and scenic spots, as well as a new important new species production area near the Tropic of Cancer［7］.

Characteristics of Yunnan gardens

Yunnans beautiful mountains and rivers and excellent resource endowments are not only the advantages of Yunnan-style gardening, but also the difficulty of successful Yunnan-style gardening.  In addition to the original residents in various parts of Yunnan, historically, the "exile" of officials and their accompanying family members as the court officials dispatched border guards, the stationing of the liberated Yunnan army, the Silk Road horse caravan culture, the opening of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway to traffic, the "flow of people and information" gathered by merchants from the north and south, the integration of the Central Plains culture they brought with the culture of the ethnic minority chieftains in the border areas, formed the characteristics of Yunnan culture and created the "Yunnan-style garden"［4］.

Possessing mountains and rivers, surrounded by mountains and rivers, natural mountains and rivers

Taking advantage of the scenery, possessing mountains and rivers: Whether building a city or a village or opening a commercial port in Yunnan, Yunnan is very particular about "Fengshui",  including relying on the mountains, conforming to nature, making rational use of the dam, making use of momentum according to the building materials, style, and volume and the principle of facing the sun and sitting on the lee ward to manage the water and the mountains, following the trend and following the rules to forming a distant view and a close view, using the "six lines" (referring to the red line, green line, purple line, yellow line, black line, and blue line) in a reasonable layout, being harmonious, comfortable and complete with the surrounding environment, and following the saying that "purple gas comes from the east."

Volume, surrounded by mountains and rivers: According to the scale of urban development and qualitative positioning, the industrial layout of construction land is reasonably divided into functional zones. The building height, density, color, total population, urban scale and other capacities and volumes are integrated with the landscape city and garden greenways, and they embrace each other, creating a harmonious symbiosis, thousands of atmospheres, and a view of developed population and thriving domestic animals.

Mirroring, natural mountains and rivers: Towns and natural mountains and rivers are intertwined with each other, forming a mirrored, complementary mountain and water city, land landscape and human living space, and a complementary Yunnan-style garden environment ecosystem.

Moving and then seeing a new scene, turning and then facing a new view: park city

Looking like natural landscapes, moving and seeing into a new scene: In a city of Yunnan, due to the different visions, feelings, depth, level, and size, every parallel and vertical movement of the front, back, left, and right creates a landscape of its own, which is beautiful and looks natural.

Beautiful and dreamlike, turning and facing a new view: In a city, every time you turn to the left, right, and back, and observe with yourself as the center of coordinates, you will see beautiful landscapes in different directions, which are magnificent and beautiful, just like a dream.

Heaven allows flourishing culture, park cities and towns: When we sit and watch the sky, the nature and human beings are harmony in a unity. When we overlook the mountains in clouds, we can see colorful clouds and mountains, seasonal climate changes, with sun shining in the four seasons. The cities are in the green, and the green is in the cities, which is so beautiful.

Contribution of Yunnan-style Gardens

The development of Yunnan-style gardens is supported and constructed by the system of colleges, institutes (theory)+application (towns)+practice (industry)［11］.

Colleges, institutes (theory)

There is no need to say about Yunnan-style gardening colleges and universities outside the province. Colleges, universities and research institutes in the province should boldly propose to the educational administrative department a motion to open this major or discipline. Combining national education and social education, drawing on successful domestic and international education experiences and models, we can carry out vocational high school-junior college, technical secondary school-undergraduate-masters degree-doctoral degree, and post-doctoral education, and thereby form systematic education and gradient development. Only with professional and disciplinary professional education can the academic system of Yunnan-style gardens be systematically formed and provide talents for the development of the industry.

Scientific research institutes, universities and other educational institutions are mainly engaged in discipline and theoretical research and promotion to form a disciplinary system, and knowledge, economy and patented achievements based on theoretical and practical Yunnan-style garden science and macro- and micro-Yunnan-style science, in order to preach and teach profession to solve puzzles and reserve talents for the country.

After more than ten years of development, Yunnan-style gardens have a certain foundation. The Yunnan Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government of the Communist Party of China should instruct Office of the Counselors, Office of Policy Development, Agricultural Affairs Office and other departments, or entrust relevant democratic parties, social organizations, and independent third parties to organize research on the development of the industry of Yunnan-style gardens, and put forward an objective, scientific and comprehensive research report for the decision-making reference of the provincial party committee and government.

All kinds of people in the industry should enthusiastically participate in this tide of industrial transformation and actively act. While doing their job well, they should contribute to the development of the industry, strive to be a Yunnan-style gardener, strive for new development, and start a new journey.

Application (towns)

The function of the state is mainly to organize the operation of urban national economy and social development. Disciplines and theoretical systems are mainly embodied by the state administration, social business management, economic entity (enterprise) management and application. Cities and towns are important application departments of the Yunnan-style garden knowledge system. The greening methods of Yunnan-style gardens are mainly realized through plane greening, three-dimensional greening, roof greening, etc.［12］.

Practice (enterprise groups, entity enterprises)

Under the guidance of the government, based on both domestic and international markets, enterprise groups and entity enterprises apply Yunnan-style gardening concepts and techniques to the process of environmental construction and ecological restoration combining with Yunnans resource endowments and create cultural and gardening achievements that are different from other provinces and regions, gradually forming knowledge system, industrial genre, and economic department of Yunnan-style gardens.

Practical Problems in the Development of Yunnan-style Gardens

The development of Yunnan-style gardens face the same problems as the development of national gardens, which are mainly affected by productivity, adjustment of production relations, and social and economic development. The development of Yunnan-style gardens also depends on economic growth, project layout, engineering construction, improvement of human settlements and the development of supporting policies.

Overall situation

Yunnan Province is the same as the whole country. The development of Yunnan-style gardens is mainly to adapt to the relationship between the superstructure and the economic foundation. At this stage, it is mainly to solve the contradiction between peoples growing pursuit of a better material and cultural life and the lagging productivity and production relations, and ultimately achieve sustainable development.

Yunnan-style gardens are generally underdeveloped, unbalanced, and insufficient in size

At present, due to differences in ethnicity, location, resources, transportation, communications, intelligence, and digitalization levels, Yunnan-style gardens are generally underdeveloped, unbalanced, small in stock and insufficient in volumes, and they are even very disproportionate to the resource situation and have difficulties in fully demonstrating the characteristics and development positioning.

The connotation and extension of Yunnan-style gardens still need to be enriched and developed.

Positioning are not accurate enough, lacking "standards, norms" and policy guidance

For Yunnan-style gardens, we think that it is represented by Yunnan and titled with Yunnan style in a qualitative manner. In a broad sense, it is positioned by gardening activities in the vast areas including the southern extension of the Himalayas, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and even parts of Western Sichuan, Western Hunan, Western Hubei, Western Guangxi, and Western Guizhou, as well as parts of the Mekong (mainly Red River) basin. In a narrow sense, it refers to the objective physical images created by the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan, originated from the production and life, using animal and plant resources, ethnic elements, cultural symbols, and natural landscapes integrated into one another［2-3］.

One of the main tasks at present is to work with the standardization administrative department to study and formulate local standards and guidelines for Yunnan-style gardens in Yunnan Province, or standards and norms within the Yunnan-style gardening industry to move towards scientific standardization, digitalization and intelligence as soon as possible. Meanwhile, it is necessary to obtain government support, leadership attention, and social participation, so as to introduce supporting policies, strive to be included in the "14th Five-Year Plan" of governments at all levels, plan ahead and coordinate development.

The Yunnan-style Garden Industry Association should guide the industry to take the path of low-carbon, green, ecological, environmental protection, and biodiversity and develop intensive, energy-saving, and smart Yunnan-style gardens, as well as insisting on sustainable development［7］.

Political, economic and social influences are great, social participation and high-level participation are insufficient, and development tends to be frustrated

Once Yunnan-style gardens are recognized by the political, business, and academic circles, the participation of all members of the society will exert a huge political, economic and social influence and become an important social productive force, and the development momentum cannot be underestimated［3］.

The three natures (authenticity, representativeness, completeness) are not obvious, and still need to be collected and sorted

Yunnan-style gardens are still at the stage of forming a complete industry and discipline system, waiting for the emergence of academicians and generating special taxes, so the road is long, and it needs the struggle of one generation or two generations. Then, the authenticity of the discipline, the representativeness of the achievements, and the integrity of theories, policies, and laws and regulations need to spend a lot of effort. It spontaneously develops in accordance with the laws of market, nature, economy, and science, and introduces talents as desired, and the provincial capital, state (city), county government, and enterprise work together, regardless of each other, to establish an interest mechanism, jointly enter the market, and seek common goals with the existence of small differences, thereby enlarging and strengthening the Yunnan-style garden culture, and absorbing and digesting the experiences and lessons of industry, enterprise development, and environmental protection in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Yunnan-style gardens should go forward a little bit like a chess pawn every day, and make breakthroughs in the publicity of Yunnan-style gardens, urban restoration, environmental and ecological restoration, and environmental safety protection［9］.

The internal propaganda cannot keep up, the external propaganda power is weak

According to the principle of "who gives, who protects", we should cherish, protect and develop "Yunnan-style gardens". In terms of internal propaganda, traditional media lack continuity of publicity and professional writers, amateurs write few manuscripts, and enterprises, governments, and society pay insufficient attention to them and hardly invest in them. For a long time, foreign propaganda has relied on feelings. Some newspaper reporters and comrades have silently insisted. In addition, professional websites are not sound, and there are not many columns on various websites. Yunnan-style gardens research institutes, companies, and industry organizations are not operating normally, with scattered achievements, few intellectual property rights, and insufficient development in the establishment of disciplines and projects of universities and research institutions during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. In short, the propaganda, science popularization, research, and promotion of Yunnan-style gardens still need talented people, and theories and systems of disciplines, industries, policies, and local laws and regulations must be established and sound.

Attention is paid to absorbing the achievements and experience of industrial upgrading, production capacity conversion, risk management and control in the coastal areas of East China such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and preventing soil erosion and environmental pollution during the construction of Yunnan-style gardens, and avoiding detours

The current development should also learn from the successful experience on industrial transformation and upgrading and the upgrading of backward technologies, equipment and production capacity in coastal areas such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and simultaneously use Yunnan-style gardening technologies to protect and build "green waters and green mountains which are golden mountains and silver mountains", ecological green barrier and national defense barrier and to prevent environmental ecological damage and degradation, ecological environmental pollution, excessive PM2.5, air pollution and maintain the health of the people. For the previously introduced projects that have an impact on the environment, according to the principle of "Whoever benefits will govern", Yunnan-style gardens should play an initiative role in urban environmental restoration, environmental and ecological restoration, enterprise production safety, and pollution control, especially in the construction and functioning of ecological wetland［10］.

In the process of developing Yunnan-style gardens, the "Three chief engineers" (registered architects, registered planners, registered landscape architects) should be certificated and recognized internationally

Since joining the "WTO" until the end of the 1990s, China has successively started to take the examinations of registered architects and registered planners, which is in line with Europe and the United States. The examination for registered landscape architects has not been carried out so far. The greening enterprise qualification system has promoted the development of landscaping industry and Yunnan-style gardens to a certain extent, and the economic development of the industry is in line with international standards［11］.

The establishment of the system of gardens and scenic spots promoted the development of Yunnan-style gardens

Since the 1980s, the State Council has successively promulgated and implemented administrative laws and regulations including "Regulations on Urban Greening", "Regulations on Nature Reserves", "Regulations on Scenic Spots", which promote the system of scenic spots in nature reserves. Through the implementation until the end of 2020, they have promoted the development of Yunnan-style gardens, and a landscape architecture system such as world heritage, nature reserves, scenic spots, garden cities, and historical and cultural cities has been established.

The Development Path and Direction of Yunnan-style Gardens

Yunnan-style gardens, developed as a new concept, are weak, naive and tender, and require vigorous development, especially government support and social attention. There is no shortcut to the heavy responsibilities on the road of development in accordance with the laws of natural and economic development.

The establishment of the concept: The establishment of the relationship of Yunnan-style gardens with calligraphy, painting, poetry, opera and literature

Chinas excellent calligraphy, painting, poetry and opera literature are the cornerstone of the development of Yunnan-style gardens, and establishing the development concept of Yunnan-style gardens is the basis of their development direction, complementing each other and developing together. The interdependence and development of Yunnan-style gardens and various cultural phenomena have a long history.

The Honghe Scenic Gardens are an important part of Yunnan-style gardens

Due to tin ore and economic development, with the help of the development of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Caravan Culture, Honghe Culture, "Four Caves and One Mountain" (Yunnan Jianshui Yanzi Cave, Luxi Alu Ancient Cave, Mile Bailong Cave, Kaiyuan South Cave) Karst culture, chieftain culture (Under the leadership of the central government, the native officials of Honghe Prefecture once took charge of Hanoi, Vietnam), ceramic culture (one of the four famous pottery of Jianshui purple pottery in China, Jianshui purple pottery is number one in the world), plus the integration of Central Plains culture and border ethnic minority cultures and European, American, and maritime cultural influences (near the maritime country Vietnam, on which the Soviet Union, the United States, and France have had significant influences), the activation of Ailao Mountain, Niulan Mountain, and Honghe Mountains and rivers has formed the characteristics of Honghe garden culture, which has already become an important nutrient for the development of Yunnan-style gardens. Economy is an important material foundation for the brilliance of Yunnan-style gardens.

Yunnan flowers and trees application

Yunnans flower and tree trading is in line with international standards, leading the Yunnan-style gardening technology and information market. The development and application of rare and endangered wild animal and plant resources are important gardening materials, such as Chinas Ten Flowers, Yunnan Provinces large number of provincial trees and flowers, and Honghe Prefectures double prefecture trees and double prefecture flowers［17］, which are the development of resource utilization in gardening［15-16］.

Yunnan bonsai is a miniature Yunnan-style garden

Bonsai is a flowing poem. Bonsai can be divided into movable ones, such as all kinds of bonsai in Tonghai county and other places, home plant Eupatorium fortunei in Lijiang City, society potted camellia in Dali City, and non-movable ones, such as temples and landscape trees of various ethnic groups and regions. When bonsai enters the city, the previous cultivation technology will become a prerequisite for the success of urban greening, and is also an important means of constructing Yunnan-style gardens.

Tolerance of Yunnan-style garden development

The development of Yunnan-style gardens requires a big pattern, a big industry, and a big development, all inclusive, not abandoning, not forgetting, not leaving. It is necessary to strive for government attention, leadership participation, and social participation, and to attract more knowledgeable, talented, well-connected, and resourceful officials to participate in this great and professional system engineering and social cause. The development of Yunnan-style gardens also requires using a variety of propaganda methods to cultivate various atmospheres and inject various cultures, cultivating various talents, paying close attention to the logistics and transportation industries such as highway transportation and aviation industry, and jointly entering the market on the basis of interests［2-3］ and using infrastructure project construction to drive the development of Yunnan-style gardens.

Certification-recognition level-recognition degree

Yunnan-style gardens need elites, geeks, experts, social recognition, industry recognition, peer review, third-party evaluation, and market inspection to achieve good ecological, social, and economic benefits. If the economic benefits of Yunnan-style gardens account for a certain proportion of GDP and become an economic sector, they may be valued by the government and achieve high-quality, leaping and rapid development.

Promoting vague commentary

In view of the fact that Yunnan-style gardens are currently in the development stage, propaganda methods and scales require certain measures to control the magnitude, to make it objective, fair and true, and to vaguely evaluate and comment, thereby creating a relaxed environment for the development of Yunnan-style gardens.

Social elites promote the use of Yunnan-style gardens in private houses, courtyards, and corporate groups

Elites play an important role in promoting the development of Yunnan-style gardens. Those who get rich first, important merchants, and listed enterprise groups are important forces in applying Yunnan-style gardens to build private houses, courtyards, and unit greening, and can play a positive effect on improving the living environment, protecting the ecological environment, and developing Yunnan-style gardens.

Yunnan Province should discussion the establishment and building of Mile provincial-level sub-central city to share urban functions, relieve pressure on Kunming, radiate to drive the economic development of the southwest region, and help the development of Yunnan-style gardens

Exploring and studying the layout of Yunnans urban functions can to a certain extent alleviate the problems of environmental pollution and high travel costs caused by the concentration of transportation and communication and other infrastructure construction. Certain conditions have been met for the establishment of a regional urban sub-center in Mile of Yunnan Province. Its establishment can share urban functions, adjust industrial layout, promote the development of Yunnan-style gardens, and support the construction of the western part of China.

At present, Yunnan-style gardens should integrate and rely on new urban construction and major transportation hub landscaping projects to expand their influence.

Mile is an important transportation node and hub connecting Southwest China and Southeast Asia and South Asia

Land transportation is still the main form of transportation in Yunnan. The 12th Five-Year Plan and the 13th Five-Year Plan period is a period of great development in transportation and communications, which has greatly promoted the economic and social development of the province. Meanwhile, the overall success of Yunnan Provinces poverty alleviation work is historic, and it provides places for native tree species to be used in railways, highways, and airport passages to show the characteristics of Yunan-style gardens.

The northern extension of the "Mile-Mengzi Railway" is connected to the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway: In February 2009, the Shanghai-Hangzhou section of the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway was officially started, marking the official start of the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway; on June 16, 2016, the entire track of the Shanghai-Kunming high-speed railway was officially completed; on December 28, 2016, the Guiyang-Kunming section of the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway officially opened for operation, marking the official opening of the entire Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway. The northern extension of the "Mile-Mengzi Railway" passing through Mile should be planned as soon as possible to connect to the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway and improve the integration of the large border corridor into the construction of the national backbone railway network.

Nanning-Kunming Railway, a channel to the sea in Yunnan: In June 1958, the former China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd. of the Ministry of Railways of the Peoples Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the China Railway Eryuan) began to survey and design the Yunnan-Guizhou Railway. On March 18, 1997, the Nanning-Kunming Railway was completed［18］. On November 30, the Nanning-Kunming Railway was opened for temporary operation. On December 25, 1998, the Nanning-Kunming Railway passed the national inspection and acceptance［19］, and the entire passenger line was opened. Survey should be launched as soon as possible for the line which stars from Shangma, through Jianshui County and Shiping County, connects to Kunming-Mohan Railway, then to Mile through Huaning, then connects with Nanning-Kunming Railway and Shanghai-Kunming Railway, and intersects with Mile-Mengzi Railway at Mile, further speeding up the interconnection and communication of the large border channel.

Mile-Mengzi Railway, an important channel to integrate into the national railway backbone network: Since the start of construction on May 30, 2018, substantial progress has been made. It is planned to be put into operation in 2022. As a transit station, Mile creates traffic conditions for establishing the status of a sub-central city in Yunnan Province, and is an important channel to integrate into the national railway backbone network.

Emerging Light Industrial City—Mile

The Honghe Cigarette Factory was newly built and put into production. Mile with a population of nearly 600 000 people, having a certain light industry foundation and superior geographical environment, is a virgin land to be developed. These conditions provide land and economic foundation for the establishment of Miles sub-central city in Yunnan Province.

Status Quo: Kunming, the central city of Yunnan Province, has limited development environment and suffers a lot of pressure on pollution. Social problems are becoming more and more concentrated, and pressure on construction land and transportation is also high.

Kunming, a key city in Yunnan: It is suggested to disperse some urban functions, central and provincial enterprises of Kunmin to provincial sub-central cities and important municipal capital cities, such as mining and metallurgy in Gejiu, building materials in Kaiyuan and Yuxi, coal chemical industry in Qujing, and tourism distribution in Dali, railway companies in Kunming or Mile, logistics and electronics in Mile and Jianshui, and food processing in Chuxiong. It is necessary to strive for the rational distribution of economic resources and realize Kunmings pure political, cultural, educational and technological center role. Dispersing part of the relevant urban functions to Mile can lay a certain foundation for the construction of sub-central cities in Yunnan Province.

Central City Group of Southern Yunnan: In recent years, the economic growth rates of Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Jianshui, and Mile in the central urban agglomeration of southern Yunnan［21］ have been a bit fast in name but the actual growth rates have slowed down in recent years. The reconstruction and upgrading of tin, metallurgy, mining and chemistry, the upgrading of Kaiyuan and Jianshui building materials and chemical companies will change the long-term industrial structure of enterprises that are not high-end enough, and labor-intensive industries account for a high proportion of the industry chain, which is an important task for a long time. As of July 2021, Gejiu City, relying on the Mengzi Economic Development Zone, has introduced international high value-added enterprises which restraint China on key products and technologies (commonly known as "stuck necks), and the market value prospects are good. The development of central urban agglomeration in Southern Yunnan involving in relocation of Mile Honghe Tobacco Factory, large-scale new road transportation logistics network, cold chain logistics, Jianshui express, cold chain logistics, road transportation, "Mengzi Economic and Technological Development Zone"［22］, "Honghe Comprehensive Bonded Zone"［23］, Gejiu grain and oil processing logistics, fast global metal trading mainly based on tin, Hekou "China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone"［24］, cogeneration projects of multinational logistics, express delivery, textiles, clothing and food processing introduced into Kaiyuan City, also provides solid conditions and a strong foundation for the establishment of Miles sub-central city in Yunnan Province. With their construction and completion, headquarters economy develops with high quality［25］, and Yunnan-style gardens will also usher in the fast lane of development.

References

［1］ Global TMT. Weida Public Relations launches special strategic communication and public affairs services for the United Nations COP15 conference|cop15|Biodiversity_NetEase Subscription (163.com)［DB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［2］ LIANG H, YANG GY. Develop Yunnan sending gardens countermeasure and measure［J］. Human Resource Management (Academic Edition), 2009(2): 209, 211. (in Chinese)

［3］ LIANG H, CAO JH. Development trend and task of Yunnan gardens［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 40(29): 227-229. (in Chinese)

［4］ LIANG H. Analysis on the characteristics of Yunnan garden［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(21): 472-473. (in Chinese)

［5］ LIANG H. Paths and measures for protecting the beautiful mountains and rivers and constructing landscape and garden city in Southwest China［J］. Dianpai Yuanlin, 2015(1): 21-22. (in Chinese)

［6］ LIANG H. Practicing the new concept of development and building a green ecological Red River［J］. China Green Pictorial, 2017(6): 8-11. (in Chinese)

［7］ LIANG H, YANG GY. Developing Direction and Countermeasure of Construction Modernization "Green" City in Yuanyang［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(20): 480-482. (in Chinese)

［8］ LIANG H, YANG GY. Problems and suggestions on the industrialization development of scenic spots in Honghe Prefecture［J］. Urban and Rural Development,1999(3): 32-33. (in Chinese)

［9］ LIANG H, YANG GY. Significance, strategy, and orientation of constructing a scenery garden of energy saving and environmental protection type［J］. Construction Economics, 2009(2): 102-103. (in Chinese)

［10］ LU W, CAO JH, FENG LL. Study on urban wetland construction and protection of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(29): 334-336. (in Chinese)

［11］ LIANG H, YANG GY. The disciplinary construction of modern landscape architecture science［J］. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 1998(6): 19-20. (in Chinese)

［12］ LIANG H. Features of roof-greening in red river state of Yunnan Province［J］. Green Building, 2010(1): 46-47, 51. (in Chinese)

［13］ LIANG H. Analysis of Chinas western border town of disaster prevention and risk green building［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(27): 13331-13332, 13335. (in Chinese)

［14］ LIANG H. Study on the development problems of regional agriculture industrialization［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(19): 9156-9157, 9191. (in Chinese)

［15］ LIANG H. Countermeasures and measures to ensure the industrialization status of Caryota urens Linn［J］. Tropical Forestry, 2009, 37(1): 19-20. (in Chinese)

［16］ LIANG H, YANG GY. Cultivation and management of ground cover and lawn［J］. Yunnan Agriculture, 1999(9): 9. (in Chinese)

［17］ Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Bureau. Honghe Prefecture has its own "prefecture tree" and "prefecture flower" Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Bureau (yn.gov.cn)［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［18］ The main artery of Chinas southwest railway-Nanning-Kunming Railway was officially opened to traffic. China Railway Construction Corporation Limited［Date cited 2019-05-18］［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［19］ Compiled by the Local History Compilation Committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. History of Guangxi Railway History (1991-2005)［M］. Nanning: Guangxi Peoples Publishing House, 2016: 36-41. (in Chinese)

［20］ The ancient city Jianshui.［News］ Honghe people must see, our prefecture won a national award! "Gold content" is 100%, after fighting for face value, fight for strength! (in Chinese)

［21］ Typical Case 21: Modern tram demonstration line project in the central city group of Southern Yunnan Province［DB/OL］. (qq.com).  (in Chinese)

［22］ Mengzi Economic and Technological Development Zone. Mengzi Economic and Technological Development Zone (zhaoshang.net)［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［23］ Honghe Comprehensive Bonded Zone. Honghe Comprehensive Bonded Zone (zhaoshang.net)［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［24］ China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/ztzl/pppzl/dxal/pppdxal/...Notice of the Peoples Government of Honghe Prefecture on granting the first batch of state-level administrative power to the Administrative Committee of the Honghe Area of the China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone-China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone-Official website (yn.gov.cn)［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)

［25］ Headquarters economy. Headquarters economy-wikiwand (baidu.com)［EB/OL］. (in Chinese)