Analysis of Smart City Definitions from ISO, IEC, ITU-T

AN Xiaomi WEI Wei MIN Jinghua

(1.Information Resource Management School, Renmin University of China，Beijing 100872; 2.Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (RUC), Ministry of Education，Beijing 100872; 3.Smart City Research Centre (RUC)， Beijing 100872；4.China Electronic Cyberspace Great Wall Co., Ltd，Beijing 100097)

Abstract: Smart city definition is the foundation for understanding its unit of knowledge and unique combination of characteristics for building shared understanding about smart city. Using ISO 704:2009 as theoretical support, we analyzed smart city definitions from ISO, IEC and ITU-T. Moreover, concepts in different definitions of smart city, and their characteristics in terms of smart city object, smart status of smart city, stakeholder’s concern about smart city, domain’s concern about smart city, visions and goals of smart city, approaches to and means of smart city are identified. Based on questionnaire survey about understandings about smart city concepts and their characteristics from 14 experts from ISO, IEC and ITU-T, we put forward unified definition for smart city from system of systems views and multi-dimensional meta-synthetic thinking about common or different characteristics. This paper provides an effective path for standardization collaboration and integration of smart city defined by the three standardization organizations.

Keywords： smart city definitions; standards collaboration; consensus building; ISO; IEC; ITU-T

1 Introduction

Definitions are conventional means for establishing the meaning of the lexical items and for connecting the concept with the word or term that represents it[1]. There are various definitions of “smart city” in literature, which reflect different concerns and understandings about “smart city” from different perspectives. A few researchers have tried to provide general definition of smart city from standards harmonization perspective. For instance, Song and An[2]have tried to build up a unified concept system for smart city based on an analysis of definitions of smart city from ISO, IEC and ITU-T in 2017, however, the sources are out of date and the analysis are limited to term analysis than characteristics of smart city concepts. Jamous and Hart[3]have tried to build integration concept of smart cities, and Ramaprasad and A Sánchez-Ortiz[4]have tried to build unified definition of smart city, however, they are not from standards perspective, sources of definitions from ISO, IEC and ITU-T are not involved.

This paper aims to review concepts about smart city in definitions of ISO, IEC and ITU-T standards, characteristics of smart city concepts are identified in terms of stakeholders’ concern about smart city, domain’s concern about smart city, object of smart city and smart status of smart city, visions and goals of smart city, approaches and means of smart city. Since “definition is representation of a concept by an expression that describes it and differentiates it from related concepts”[5]3.3.1. Definitions from deliverables of ISO, IEC and ITU-T and their terminology databases are regarded as authoritative sources for this study. There are four definitions relevant to smart city that are collected from the following databases.

·ISO Online browsing platform: http://www.iso.org/obp.

·IEC Electropedia: http://www.electropedia.org.

·ITU Terms and Definitions: http://www.itu.int/net/ITU-R/index.asp?redirect=true&category=information&rlink=terminology-database&lang=en#lang=en.

In addition, in the process of disposition of comments on the definitions of ‘smart city’ in the 4th CD of IEC 60050-831[6], 2 more definitions of smart city are recommended by two national bodies, which are also collected for analysis, see Appendix A.

2 Methods for analysis of definitions of smart city from ISO, IEC, ITU-T

An analysis of “concept” and “characteristic” in the definitions of smart city is conducted in consistency with ISO 704:2009[7]and ISO 1087:2019[5].

Definition of “concept” is adopted from ISO 1087:2019[5]3.2.7, defined as “unitofknowledgecreatedbyauniquecombinationofcharacteristics”.

Definition of “characteristic” is adopted from ISO 1087:2019[5]3.2.1, defined as “abstractionofaproperty”with“Note1toentry:Characteristicsareusedtodescribingconcepts”.

Definition of “object” is adopted from ISO 1087:2019[5]3.1.1, defined as “anythingperceivableorconceivable”with“Note1toentry:Objectscanbematerial(e.g.‘engine’, ‘sheetofpaper’, ‘diamond’),immaterial(e.g.‘conversionratio’, ‘projectplan’)orimagined(e.g.‘unicorn’, ‘scientifichypothesis’)”.

Definition of “property” is adopted from ISO 1087:2019[5]3.1.3, defined as “featureofanobject”with“Note1entry:Oneormoreobjectscanhavethesameproperty”. The relations between the above four concepts are shown in Figure 1 which is described in ISO 704:2009[7]5.4.1:

Conceptformationplaysapivotalroleinorganizinghumanknowledgebecauseitprovidesthemeansforrecognizingobjectsandforgroupingthemintomeaningfulunitsinaparticularfield.Inordertocategorizeanobjectforthepurposesofconceptformation,itisnecessarytoidentifyitsproperties(seetheFigure1).Objectsperceivedassharingthesamepropertiesaregroupedintounits.Oncesimilarobjects,oroccasionallyasingleobject,areviewedasameaningfulunitofknowledgewithinabranchofhumanknowledge,thepropertiesofanobject,orthosecommontoasetofobjects,areabstractedascharacteristicsthatarecombinedasasetintheformationofaconcept.

Thus,objectsintherealworldareidentifiedbytheirproperties.Theobjectsarethenabstractedasconceptsandthepropertiesareabstractedascharacteristicsmakinguptheconcepts.Abstractionistheprocessofrecognizingsomesetofcommonfeaturesinanindividualsetofobjectsand,onthatbasis,formingaconceptofthatsetofobjects.

Figure1 Relations between the object, property,

An identification of key terms used as unit of knowledge and the unique combination of characteristics in definitions of smart city is conducted and can be traced in Appendix B. An identification of essential characteristics in terms of visions and goals, approaches and means, stakeholders’ and domain’s concerns in definitions of smart city is conducted and can be traced in Appendix C.

3 Concepts in definitions of smart city from different SDOs and their perspectives

Table 1 shows that there is no unified definition on smart city from different SDOs, even within ISO there are two different definitions on smart city, then during the process of disposition of comments on definition of “smart city” of the 4th CD of IEC 60050-831[6], there are three definitions of smart city. As a result, there are different perspectives on concepts of smart city from many views with various dimensions.

There are two types of stakeholders’ concerns on the six definitions of smart city, which are citizens from perspectives of ISO and IEC (D1, D3, D4, D5) and present and future generations from perspectives of ITU-T (D2).

In terms of domain’s concern on smart city, ISO focuses on built environment (D1) and natural environment (D3). While IEC focuses on city (D4), characteristics of smart city involve city (D4, D5, D6), international standards and digital transformation (D5) as well as electrotechnical systems and information technology(D6). In ITU-T, economic, social, environmental as well as cultural (D2) characteristics are concerned as main characteristics of smart city. In terms of object about smart city, city (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6) is the most common concerns for the three SDOs. Furthermore, ISO and IEC also identified integration of physical, digital and human systems as main characteristic of the smart city concept.

In terms of smart city status, smart city is seen with features of “effective integration (D1)” and “increases the pace (D3)” from ISO definitions, while “improvements accelerated (D4)”, “self-organizing system (D5)”, “digital transformation as digitally coordinated systems with its own pace (D5)”,“improvements for services (D6)” are seen as features of smartness from IEC definitions and “innovative” is seen as feature of smartness from ITU-T definition.

There are different means and approaches to smart city from different SDOs, which include:“effective integration of physical, digital and human systems (D1)” and “engage collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data, information and modern technologies (D3)” from ISO definitions; “effective integration of many and various types of physical, digital and social systems and the transformative use of data and technology (D4)”,“internationally recognized metrics (D5)”, “electrotechnical systems and information technology (D6)” from IEC definitions; “information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means (D2)” from ITU-T definition. On one hand, it could be observed that different SDOs have different focuses on their approaches and means. Specifically, ISO focuses on engagement with society through collaborative leadership; IEC focuses on transformative use of data and technology and ITU-T focuses on information and communication technologies. On the other hand, there are some common concerns on approaches and means to smart city from all the SDOs, which are using data, information and technologies (D2, D3, D4, D6).

There are different expectations on visions and goals of smart city from different SDOs, which include: “a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future (D1)”, “fundamentally improving (D3)” and “provides social, economic and environmental sustainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political and economic instability, to deliver better services and quality of life (D3)” from ISO; “improvements in quality of life, services, sustainability and resilience (D4)”, “repeatability and scalability of digital solutions (D5)”, “systematically addressing concerns (D5)”, “city services(D6)” from IEC;“improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness (D2)” from ITU-T. Moreover, “improvement of quality of life (D1, D2, D3, D4)” are the general and essential characteristics and shared understandings for all the SDOs on smart city.

4 Survey of characteristics and concepts of smart city from views of experts

4.1 Characteristics of smart city

A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate understandings about characteristics of smart city concepts from 29th of April to 14th of May via email. The questionnaire was designed to find the preference of experts on the six collected definitions of smart city and to investigate their understandings about characteristics of smart city concepts, eight questions including seven closed questions and one open question were set in the questionnaire based on the six collected definitions on smart city with identified characteristics (see Appendix C) from Table 1. The questionnaire was sent to experts from IEC SyC Smart Cities by IEC community platform and to experts of different SDOs such as ISO/TC 268/SC 1/WG 4, ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 11 and ITU-T SG 20 by email. As a result, 14 feedbacks were collected and validated for analysis. By analysis of results of the survey (see Appendix D), characteristics of smart city concepts are identified as shown in Table 2. A unified concept diagram on smart city from many views and various dimensions is built up and shown in Figure 2, which reflects the essential characteristics, general characteristics and necessary characteristics of smart city concepts and the preference of multiple stakeholders’ concerns on smart city.

As can be seen above, Figure 2 shows the core concepts in definitions of smart city from different SDOs and their relationships and the common characteristics of smart city concepts.

Characteristics on smart city involves stakeholders’ concern and domains concern. Citizen is the vital concern which receives 80% to 100% percent agreement from different SDOs in stakeholder concern. Therefore, smart city development might focus on present generation and future generation for its citizens. Stakeholders’ concern also refers to government and businesses, especially customers. In addition, domain concern refers to diverse features of city which can be divided into digital, environmental, economic, cultural and social aspects. Specifically, digital aspect may involve information technology, digital transformation, electronical systems, data and information. Moreover, environmental aspect includes two elements such as built environment and natural environment while social aspect refers to international standards and coordinated and reflexive system.

Means and approaches for smart city may use methods which refer to collaborative leadership, disciplines and city system, recognized metrics at society level and ICT, electrotechnical systems, use of data and information from modern technologies respectively.

Table 1 Characteristics of smart city concepts from views of different SDOs

In terms of smart object, integration of physical, digital and social system could be the most important feature of smart city which could provide better understandings and benefits for decision makers, development of sustainability and community. Moreover, effective integration is also essential for smart status. Therefore, it needs digital coordinated system to fulfill pace increase, learning and reflexive then to achieve innovation, improvement accelerated especially services improvement, self organizing system. Finally, in visions and goals of smart city, what smart city is intending to achieve are not only to fulfill competitiveness, instability, liveability, sustainability and resilience, and repeatability and scalability, but also to acquire fundamental improvements of efficiency, concerns addressing, quality of life and better services, especially city services.

4.2 Recommendations for system of systems view to smart city

Figure 3 recommends a system of systems view for smart city and smart city system, IEC SRD 63235:2021[8]has the following recommendations for this:

Asystemofsystemsview(seeFigure2)considersthesmartcityasacomplexsystem,madeupofmanyverticaldomainssuchastransport,health,education,employmentandsoon.Eachoftheseverticaldomainsareinterconnectbythreecrosscuttingsystemsthatincludesviewsofsocialsystem,digitalsystemandphysicalsystemofacityandsystemapproach,whichworktogetherasacomplementarywholeinrespondingtotheconcernsandinterestsofdifferentstakeholders[9].142.Eachofthese,inturn,canbesubdividedintootherhorizontal,cross-cuttingdomains.

Takingthissystemofsystemsviewenablesthetotalcapabilityofacitytobeenhancedinawaytoanextentthatnoneoftheconstituentsystemcanaccomplishonitsown.Eachconstituentsystemisausefulsystembyitself,havingitsownmanagement,goalsandresources,butwhencoordinatedwithinthesmartcitysystem(SCS)contributestoprovidingtheuniquecapabilityoftheSCS.

Thesocialsystemprovidesamulti-dimensionalgovernanceframework[10].13forcoordinatingarrangementsofstrategies,policies,decision-makingstructuresandaccountabilitiestomultiplestakeholders’concernsinsocialspaceandconvergence.

Table 2 Characteristics of smart city concepts from the survey

Figure 2 A unified concept diagram on smart city

A digital system provides a multi-domain architecture framework[11]3.7for cooperating activities of conventions, principles and practices for individual domain architecture and enable digital transformation.

A physical system provides a multi-layer application framework[12]3.177to connect artefacts in each subsystem and enable interfaces between systems in physical space to support all necessary interactions.

An integration of the three systems supports the convergence of multi-dimensional, multi-domain and multi-layer concerns and interests of multiple stakeholders as well as enhancing the adaptive capacity of a city as an ecosystem to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens.

Figure 3 Concept views of smart city systems[8]

4.3 Recommendations for a methodology framework to smart city system concept

Figure 4 recommends a methodology framework for smart city and smart city system, and the IEC SRD 63235:2021[8]has the following recommendations for this:

Amethodologyframeworkreferstoaway,orstructure,thatsupportsanumberofdifferentmethodsandlanguagestobeusedtogetherwhendevelopingasystem.

Note:ThisdefinitionofmethodologyframeworkistakenfromISO/IEC16500-8:1999[13], “different”isadded, 3.15.

Themethodologyframeworkforasmartcitysystemconceptsystemreferstoasystemofsystemswayofthinkingthatsupportsmulti-dimensional,multi-domainandmulti-layer,lifecycleandusecaseanalysisapproachestobeusedtogetherasacomplementarywholeindevelopingasmartcitysystem.

4.4 Recommendation for a unified definition for smart city

Based on the above recommended system of system views and the methodology framework for building the smart city concept in IEC SRD 63235:2021[8], this paper proposes a inclusive definition of “Smart Cities”. A unified definition for smart city with multi-dimensional and multi-domain views with essential characteristics of smart city based on identified common concerns about smart city from different SDOs is recommended. However, to respect different stakeholders’ concerns from different domains or subject fields, “note to entry” could be added for the specific concern and the characteristics of the subject field.

That following common understandings about smart city are recommended: (1) seeing the city from a system of systems view from multi-dimension (including human space, physical space and digital space), multi-domain (including culture, economic, environmental, political, social, etc.) and multi-stakeholders’ concerns (including citizen, residents, visitors, business, society, future generation, etc. ); (2) shared visions and goals on improvements of city in sustainability (competitiveness, prosperous, sustainability and resilience) and good quality of life of people and service; (3) shared approaches to city by effective integration of human system, digital system and physical system via transformative use of data, information and technology; (4) shared understanding about the smart status of city as effective, inclusive, innovative, transformative and sustainable; (5) a unified definition for smart city would include the above unit of knowledge and unique combination of the above characteristics, thus following unified definition for smart city is recommended.

Figure 4 A methodology framework for building smart city system concept[8]

A unified definition for smart city is suggested as below:

city (D2,D3,D4,D5,D6) where improvements (D2,D3,D4,D6) in quality of life and, services (D2,D3,D4,D6) for citizen (D1,D3,D4,D5) and sustainability (D1,D2,D3,D4) of society (D1,D3) and the resilience (D4) are facilitated by the effective integration of various types of human (D1,D3,D4), digital (D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6) and physical systems (D1,D3,D4) and the transformation use of data (D1,D4), information (D3,D4,D5,D6) and technology (D2,D3,D4,D6)

Note 1 to entry: The ISO looks at these aspects from a collaborative leadership perspective.

Note 2 to entry: The IEC looks at these aspects from an electrotechnical perspective.

Note 3 to entry: The ITU-T looks at these aspects from a sustainable development perspective.

5 Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper identifies many and various characteristics of smart city concepts from available definitions from ISO, IEC and ITU-T and justifies them by surveys of fourteen experts from different SDOs. This paper recommends a system of system views and a methodology framework for smart city system concept building and a unified concept diagram for better understanding of different preferences of multi-stakeholders. The above recommendations have been validated and agreed at meetings of IEC SyC Smart Cities. This paper has contributed to effective approaches to cross-domain concept building, which has wide implications to census building in the development of terminology standards and its collaboration and harmonization.

Appendix

Appendix A Definitions of smart city from ISO, IEC, ITU-T

CodeDefinitionSourceD1effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustain-able, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens.[9,14-17]D2a smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it is meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspect”.NOTE 1: City competitiveness refers to policies, institutions, strategies and processes that determine the city s sustainable productivity.NOTE 2: ‘Smart sustainable city’ is also called ‘smart city’ in some other SDOs [18-19]D3City that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic and environmental sustainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate of change, rapid population growth, and political and economi-cal instability by fundamentally improving how it engage society applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies to deliver bet-ter services and quality of life to those in the city (residents, business, visitors), now and for foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantages of others or degradation of the natural environment[20-21]D3 NOTE 1: A smart city also faces the challenges of respecting planetary boundaries and taking into ac-count the limitations these boundaries impose.NOTE 2: There are a numerous definitions of smart city; however, the definition that is used with TC268 is the official one agreed to by the ISO Technical Management Board[20-21]D4 city where improvements in quality of life, services, sustainability and resilience are accelerated by the ef-fective integration of many and various types of physical, digital and social systems and the transformative use of data and technology Note 1 to entry: This is a general definition of a smart city. The IEC looks at these aspects from an electrotechnical perspective. Note 2 to entry: The effective integration of physical, digital and social sys-tems requires the development and integration of digital twins of all these systems.[6]831-01-26D5city which is systematically addressing concerns of citizens leveraging international standards and digital transformationNote 1 to entry: Typical citizens’ concerns are, by their nature, subjective, contradictory, partial and changing over the time. Such concerns form views representing how citizens see and perceive the city. Usu-ally, different stakeholders (e.g. groups of citizen) may have different views on the same fragment or as-pect of a city. Note 2 to entry: Any city (therefore any smart city) is a self-organising system thus it is able transfor-ming itself.Note 3 to entry: The complexity of smart cities requires building them via digital transformation as dig-itally coordinated systems.Note 4 to entry: Each smart city is carrying out its digital transformation with its own pace.Note 5 to entry: The concept “digitally coordinated system” is critical for providing various smart cit-ies with ready-to-deploy (standard) solutions which can be used (together with some local solutions) to create unique smart cities. Such digitally coordinated systems are qualified as repeatable. This feature is necessary to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 quickly and effectively because there are many cities and any making each of them smart in a different way would be very unsustainable. Note 6 to entry: International Standards are critical for repeatability and scalability of digital solutions for smart cities.Note 7 to entry: The shortest form of the definition of smart city is “city built as a digital system”.Note 8 to entry: Various improvements for citizens, business and administration can be quantified via internationally recognised metrics. Examples of such metrics are: https://www.doingbusiness.org/and ht-tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking.From comments of National Body of Switzerland for [6]D6“City where electrotechnical systems and information technology are employed to improve city services.”From comments of National Body of US for [6]

Appendix B Identification of concepts and characteristics in smart city definitions

CodeDefinitionSourceD1effective (characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city) integration of physical, digital and human systems (characteristics in terms of smart object of smart city) in the built environment (characteristics in terms of domain’s concern about smart city) to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future (characteristics in terms of vision and goals of smart city) for its citizens (characteristics in terms of stake-holders’ concerns about smart city).[9,14-17]D2a smart sustainable city is an innovative (characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city) city (charac-teristics in terms of smart object of smart city) that uses information and communication technologies (IC-Ts) and other means (characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart city) to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness (characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city), while ensuring that it is meets the needs of present and future generations (char-acteristics in terms of stakeholders’ concerns about smart city) with respect to economic, social, environ-mental as well as cultural aspect” (characteristics in terms of domain’s concerns about smart city).NOTE 1: City competitiveness refers to policies, institutions, strategies and processes that determine the city s sustainable productivity.NOTE 2: ‘Smart sustainable city’ is also called ‘smart city’ in some other SDOs [18-19]D3City (characteristics in terms of smart object of smart city) that increases the pace (characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city) at which it provides social, economic and environmental sustainability out-comes and responds to challenges such as climate of change, rapid population growth, and political and e-conomical instability (characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city) by fundamentally impro-ving how it engage society applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city sys-tems, and uses data information and modern technologies ( characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart city ) to deliver better services and quality of life (characteristics in terms of visions and goals ) to those in the city (residents, business, visitors) ( characteristics in terms of stakeholders’ con-cerns about smart city from citizen perspective), now and for foreseeable future, without unfair disadvanta-ges of others or degradation of the natural environment (characteristics in terms of domain’s concern about smart city)NOTE 1: A smart city also faces the challenges of respecting planetary boundaries and taking into ac-count the limitations these boundaries impose.NOTE 2: There are a numerous definitions of smart city; however, the definition that is used with TC268 is the official one agreed to by the ISO Technical Management Board[20-21]D4city (characteristics in terms of smart object of smart city and domain’s concern about smart city) where improvements in quality of life, services, (characteristics in terms of stakeholders’ concern about smart city from citizen perspective), sustainability and resilience (characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city) are accelerated (characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city) by the effective integra-tion of many and various types of physical, digital and social systems and the transformative use of data and technology (characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart city)Note 1 to entry: This is a general definition of a smart city. The IEC looks at these aspects from an electrotechnical perspective. Note 2 to entry: The effective integration of physical, digital and social sys-tems requires the development and integration of digital twins of all these systems.[6]831-01-26

D5City(Characteristics in terms of domain’s concern about smart city)(Characteristics in terms of smart ob-ject of smart city) which is systematically addressing concerns of citizens(Characteristics in terms of stake-holder’s concern about smart city) leveraging international standards and digital transformation(Character-istics in terms of domain’s concern about smart city)Note 1 to entry: Typical citizens’ concerns are, by their nature, subjective, contradictory, partial and changing over the time. Such concerns form views representing how citizens see and perceive the city. Usu-ally, different stakeholders (e.g. groups of citizen) may have different views on the same fragment or as-pect of a city. Note 2 to entry: Any city (therefore any smart city) is a self-organising (Characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city)system thus it is able transforming itself.Note 3 to entry: The complexity of smart cities requires building them via digital transformation as dig-itally coordinated systems.Note 4 to entry: Each smart city is carrying out its digital transformation with its own pace(Character-istics in terms of smart status of smart city).Note 5 to entry: The concept “digitally coordinated system” is critical for providing various smart cit-ies with ready-to-deploy (standard) solutions which can be used (together with some local solutions) to create unique smart cities. Such digitally coordinated systems are qualified as repeatable. This feature is necessary to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 quickly and effectively because there are many cities and any making each of them smart in a different way would be very unsustainable. Note 6 to entry: International Standards are critical for repeatability and scalability of digital solutions(Characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city) for smart cities.Note 7 to entry: The shortest form of the definition of smart city is “city built as a digital system”.Note 8 to entry: Various improvements for citizens, business and administration can be quantified via internationally recognised metrics(Characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart city). Ex-amples of such metrics are: https://www.doingbusiness.org/and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking.From comments of National Body of Switzerland for [6]D6“City (Characteristics in terms of smart object of smart city)where electrotechnical systems and information technology(Characteristics in terms of domain’s concern about smart city)(Characteristics in terms of ap-proaches to and means of smart city) are employed to improve city services(Characteristics in terms of smart status of smart city)(Characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city).”From comments of National Body of US for [6]

Appendix C Characteristics in definitions of smart city from ISO, IEC, ITU-T

CharacteristicsUnique combination of characteristicscharacteristics in terms of stakeholders’ con-cern about smart citycitizen (D1, D3, D4, D5)present and future generations (D2)characteristics in terms of domain’s concern about smart citybuilt environment (D1)natural environment (D3)city (D4, D5, D6)international standards and digital transformation(D5)electrotechnical systems and information technology(D6)economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects (D2)characteristics in terms of smart object of smart cityintegration of physical, digital and human systems (D1)city (D2, D3, D4 D5, D6)characteristics in terms of smart status of smart cityeffective integration (D1)pace increases (D3)improvements accelerated (D4)self-organizing system(D5)digital transformation as digitally coordinated systems with its own pace(D5)improvements for services(D6)innovation (D2)characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart citya sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future (D1)fundamentally improving (D3)provides social, economic and environmental sustainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate of change, rapid population growth, and political and economical instability , to deliver better services and quality of life (D3)improvements in quality of life, services, sustainability and resilience (D4)repeatability and scalability of digital solutions (D5)systematically addressing concerns(D5)city services(D6)improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness (D2)characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart cityeffective integration of physical, digital and human systems(D1)engage society applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies (D3)information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other mean (D2)by the effective integration of many and various types of physical, digital and social systems and the transformative use of data and technology (D4)internationally recognized metrics(D5)electrotechnical systems and information technology(D6)information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other mean (D2)

Appendix D A survey of shared understandings on smart city

1. What definition of smart city you prefer that reflects the concerns and interests of a wide group of SDOs? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentageD1: effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to de-liver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens.[9,14-17]642.86%D2: a smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication tech-nologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it is meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspect. NOTE 1: City competitiveness refers to policies, institutions, strategies and processes that determine the city s sustainable productivity. NOTE 2: ‘Smart sustainable city’ is also called ‘smart city’ in some other SDOs[18-19]321.43%D3 :city that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic and environmental sus-tainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate of change, rapid population growth, and political and economical instability by fundamentally improving how it engage socie-ty applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies to deliver better services and quality of life to those in the city (residents, business, visitors), now and for foreseeable future, without unfair disad-vantages of others or degradation of the natural environment NOTE 1: A smart city also faces the challenges of respecting planetary boundaries and taking into account the limitations these boundaries impose. NOTE 2: There are a numerous definitions of smart city; however, the defi-nition that is used with TC268 is the official one agreed to by the ISO Technical Management Board[20-21]428.57%D4: city where improvements in quality of life, services, sustainability and resilience are accel-erated by the effective integration of many and various types of physical, digital and social sys-tems and the transformative use of data and technology Note 1 to entry: This is a general defini-tion of a smart city. The IEC looks at these aspects from an electrotechnical perspective. Note 2 to entry: The effective integration of physical, digital and social systems requires the develop-ment and integration of digital twins of all these systems.[6]831-01-26321.43%D5: city which is systematically addressing concerns of citizens leveraging international standards and digital transformation Note 1 to entry: Typical citizens’ concerns are, by their nature, sub-jective, contradictory, partial and changing over the time. Such concerns form views represen-ting how citizens see and perceive the city. Usually, different stakeholders (e.g. groups of citi-zen) may have different views on the same fragment or aspect of a city. Note 2 to entry: Any cit-y (therefore any smart city) is a self-organising system thus it is able transforming itself. Note 3 to entry: The complexity of smart cities requires building them via digital transformation as digit-ally coordinated systems. Note 4 to entry: Each smart city is carrying out its digital transforma-tion with its own pace. Note 5 to entry: The concept “digitally coordinated system” is critical for providing various smart cities with ready-to-deploy (standard) solutions which can be used (to-gether with some local solutions) to create unique smart cities. Such digitally coordinated sys-tems are qualified as repeatable. This feature is necessary to achieve the UN Sustainable Devel-opment Goal (SDG) 11 quickly and effectively because there are many cities and any making each of them smart in a different way would be very unsustainable.Note 6 to entry: International Standards are critical for repeatability and scalability of digital solutions for smart cities. Note 7 to entry: The shortest form of the definition of smart city is “city built as a digital system”. Note 8 to entry: Various improvements for citizens, business and administration can be quantified via internationally recognised metrics. Examples of such metrics are: https://www.doingbusiness.org/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking.From National Bodies of Switzerland for [6]00%

D6: city where electrotechnical systems and information technology are employed to improve city services.From National Bodies of US for [6]17.14%Validated answer for this question14

2. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of stakeholder’s concern about smart city? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentagecitizen1392.86%present generation964.29%future generation964.29%Other642.86%All stakeholders in a cityJP-1business, governmentAU-8Cities exist to benefit citizens. They are the customerAU-10Validated answer for this question14

3. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of domain’s aspect about smart city? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentageeconomic aspect1285.71%environmental aspect1285.71%social aspect1178.57%built environment1071.43%natural environment1071.43%cultural aspect1071.43%city964.29%information technology857.14%digital transformation750%electrotechnical systems535.71%international standards428.57%Other214.29%Coordinated and reflexive systemsAU-7data and technologyAU-10Validated answer for this question14

4. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of smart object of smart city? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentageintegration of physical, digital and human systems1285.71%city642.86%Other321.43%Decision makersAU-7environmental/sustainableAU-8communitiesAU-10Validated answer for this question14

5. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of smart status about smart city? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentageincreases the pace321.43%Other428.57%Learning, ReflexiveAU-7Most of these aren t essential or aren t definitiveAU-10improvements accelerated535.71%self-organizing system535.71%digital transformation as digitally coordinated systems with its own pace535.71%innovative857.14%improvements for services1178.57%effective integration1285.71%Validated answer for this question14

6. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of visions and goals of smart city? [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentagea sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future1178.57%fundamentally improving321.43%provides social, economic and environmental sus-tainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate of change, rapid population growth, and political and economic instability, to deliver better services and quality of life964.29%improve quality of life, efficiency of urban opera-tion and services, and competitiveness857.14%improvements in quality of life, services, sustain-ability and resilience1071.43%repeatability and scalability of digital solutions428.57%systematically addressing concerns535.71%city services642.86%Other321.43%Liveability, Sustainability and Resilience.AU-7Sustainability (econonmic, environmen-tal, social, technological) and Resilience (econonmic, environmental, social, technological) and LiveabilityAU-10Validated answer for this question14

7. Do you agree the following characteristics in terms of approaches to and means of smart city？ [Multiple choice]

LetterAccountPercentageeffective integration of physical, digital and human systems857.14%engage society applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies750%information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other mean750%by the effective integration of many and various types of physical, digital and social systems and the transformative use of data and technology964.29%internationally recognized metrics642.86%electrotechnical systems and information technology321.43%Other17.14%Validated answer for this question14

8. Besides above the understandings about smart city, do you have any recommendations about smart city and its characteristics? [Note fulfillment](Details are omitted.)