动词不定式的用法归纳
2021-09-10曾曼丽
曾曼丽
动词不定式,由“to+动词原形”构成,为非谓语动词结构,可以用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语等成分,是初中英语中的一个重点知识,深受中考英语命题者的青睐。对此,笔者就初中英语动词不定式的用法进行了梳理,以期能够帮助同学们扎实掌握,运用自如。
一、动词不定式作主语
(1)动词不定式用作主语时一般置于句首,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:To see is to believe(百闻不如一见);To lean out of the window is dangerous(身子探出窗外很危险);To learn English well is very important for students(学好英语对于学生来说至关重要。)
(2)以it置于句首为形式主语,其后所接的动词不定式为真正的逻辑主语。如:It's our duty to take good care of the old(照顾老人是我们的责任);It's very interesting to swim in summer(夏天游泳很有趣);It is a bit
difficult to finish the task in three days(三天内完成这项任务有点难度的);It is very convenient to use mobile phones for self-study(用手机自学很方便);It’s kind of you to think so much of us(你如此为我们着想,你真是太好了);It takes me twenty minutes to walk from my home to the school. (从我家走到学校得20分钟.)
(3)when, what, how, where等疑问词后接不定式置于句首时,常用作主语。如: Where to go is still being discussed (去哪里还在讨论中);How to solve it is still a problem(怎么解决它仍是个问题);When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. (什么时候开会还没有定下来。)
二、动词不定式作宾语
(1)在英语中,hope, learn, agree, refuse, start, afford, promise, afford, hate, decide等及物动词后可以跟不定式作宾语。如:I hope to
become an excellent doctor.(我希望成为一名出色的医生); She promised to guard this secret.(她答应保守这个秘密);We can't afford to go abroad this year.(今年我们负担不起出国的费用);She offered to give us a lift.(她主动邀请我们搭车);They decided to go to the countryside on vacation. (他们决定去农村度假。)
(2)tell, learn, know, show, decide, forget, ,wonder, explain, consider, remember ,find out等动词或词组,其后可以用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语。如:Please tell us where to mail these letters.(请告诉我们在哪儿寄这些信);He will show us how to play the game.(他将给我们演示怎样玩这个游戏);We must find out what to do next.(我们一定得弄清楚下一步做什么 );There are so many kinds of mobile phones on sale that I don’t know which to buy.(有这么多的手机在折价销售,我拿不定主意买哪一种。)
(3)在“feel/think/find/believe/make+it+形容词/名词+to do something”句型中,常用it 表示形式宾语,而动词不定式是真正的逻辑宾语。如: feel it important to study hard.(我觉得努力学习很重要);I think it our duty to protect the environment.(我认为保护环境是我们的责任);She found it difficult to get along with that old woman(她发现那个老妇人很难相处);Some people believe it impolite to ask someone's age. (有些人认为询问他人年龄是不礼貌的);The Internet makes it easy to communicate with each other.(互联网使彼此之间的交流变得很容易。)
三、动词不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式用作目的状语,可以位于句首、句中,意思是“为了……”,具有突出和强调的作用,常用固定结构则有in order to do, so as to do等。如: To catch the early bus, we got up at 5:00.(为了赶上早班车,我们5点钟就起床了);In order to earn enough money, he often works late into
the night. (為了赚到足够的钱, 他经常工作到深夜。)We went early so as to get good seats.(为了占到好座位,我们早早就去了。)
(2)动词不定式用作结果状语,常见结构有“too…to do(太……而不)”、“enough…to do(有足够…做……)” 、“only to do(结果却)” 、“so/such …as to do”(如此……以至于)等。如:The box is too heavy for me to carry.(这个箱子太重了,我搬不动);He is old enough to finish it for himself.(他已经长大了,足以独立完成这件事了);We went to see her only to find her out.(我们去看她,结果却发现她出去了);She is so proud as to look down upon others. (她如此骄傲以至于看不起别人);
(3)动词不定式用作原因状语,常用结构是“sb.+be+形容词+to do ”。如:I’m glad to see you(我很高兴见到你);She was surprised to see the man(看到这个男子,她很吃惊);They were excited to hear the news.(听到这个消息他们很激动。)
总之,动词不定式用法看似简单,但易于出错。在平时的英语学习中,同学们要认真学习,熟练掌握其用法,并适当加强训练。