现在完成时经典“三部曲”
2021-08-12王桂枝
王桂枝
同学们,在初中阶段关于动词的时态我们要学习到八种,至今我们已经学习了现在进行时、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时这四种时态的用法,今天我们就来认识一位新朋友——现在完成时。有人认为这个语法對初中生来说是最困难的语法,我们将利用三个单元的篇幅来探究这一难点。今天是这“三部曲”中的第一部。
一、现在完成时的定义
1. 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
2. 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。
二、现在完成时的构成及基本句式
(一)现在完成时是由“助动词have / has+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围,它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。规则动词的过去分词与过去式的变化规则完全相同,不规则变化按照不规则动词表记忆。
He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完作业了。
Ive learned English for twelve years. 我已经学了12年英语了。
(二)现在完成时的基本句式
1. 肯定句:主语+have / has+动词的过去分词+宾语+其他
We have seen that film before. 我们已经看过那部电影了。
2. 否定句:主语+have / has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语+其他
She has not / hasnt finished reading the book. 她还没有读完那本书。
3. 一般疑问句:Have / Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语+其他
Has she finished her homework yet? 她已经完成作业了吗?
肯定回答:Yes, she has. 是的,她完成了。
否定回答:No, she hasnt. 不,她还没完成。
4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have / has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语+其他
How long has your father worked in the factory? 你父亲在这家工厂工作多长时间了?
三、现在完成时的基本用法
现在完成时的基本用法是表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常和already, yet, never, ever, just, before等副词连用。
I cant find my pen now. I think I have already lost it. 我现在找不到我的钢笔了,我想我已经把它弄丢了。(对现在的影响:现在没有钢笔了)
—Would you like some bread? 你想要一些面包吗?
—No, thanks. I have had my breakfast. 不,谢谢,我已经吃过早饭了。(对现在的影响:不饿)
—Why dont you drive to your office? 你为什么不开车去办公室呢?
—Because my car has broken. 因为我的车坏了。(对现在的影响:车没办法开了)
现在完成时的另一用法表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。该种用法下一单元我们重点学习,先看两个例句:
He has studied English for six years. 他已经学习英语六年了。
Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou. 自从从杭州回来,玛丽一直在忙。
四、already和yet的用法
副词already和yet常常作为时间状语和现在完成时连用。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
We have already finished our homework. 我们已经完成作业了。
They havent finished their homework yet. 他们还没有完成作业。
注意:already有时也用于疑问句中,表示一种惊讶的语气。
Have they left already? 他们(居然)已经走了?
五、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
1. 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情;现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。
I have seen this film. 这部电影我已经看过了。
2. 一般过去时常与表示具体的过去时间的状语(如yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1990等)连用;现在完成时不与表示明确的过去时间的状语连用,但可以与in the past... years / weeks, so far等时间状语连用。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了一封信。
The weather has been so hot so far this summer. 到目前为止,今年夏天天气一直很热。
【练一练】
一、单项选择。
1. —Look! Somebody_____________the lights.
—Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.
A. turns off B. is turning off C. was turning off D. has turned off
2. I ____________ an invitation to the concert. I cant wait to go.
A. receive B. will receive C. was receiving D. have received
3. —What an exciting march!
—Yes, isnt it? I ____________ such a great one before!
A. never saw B. had never seen C. never see D. have never seen
4. —I ____________my card. I want to report it.
—You can call the bank to report the loss. It would be faster.
A. lose B. was losing C. will lose D. have lost
5. —When will you give the novel back to me?
—Sorry, I____________ it. How about Friday?
A. didnt finish B. wont finish C. havent finished D. dont finish
二、根據汉语意思完成句子,每空一词。
1. 我去过历史博物馆两次,在那里我学到了很多东西。
I ___________ _____________the History Museum twice. Ive ____________ a lot there.
2. ——看,海伦办公室的灯还亮着。
——也许她还没完成她的工作。
—Look, the light ____________ ____________ on in Helens office.
—Maybe she ____________ ____________ her work ____________.
3. 保拉很高兴她昨天找到了丢失的手表。
Paula ____________pleased that she ____________ her lost watch yesterday.
4. 我们已多年没见了。
We ____________ ____________ for many years.
5. ——她做完作业了吗?
——是的,她做完了。她十分钟前就完成了。
—____________ she ____________her homework ____________?
—Yes, she ____________. She ____________ it ten minutes ago.