Technical Regulations for Standardized Planting of Rare and Multi-purpose Wild Fruit Kadsura coccinea

Xiaoxue QI Chenglin LIU Yujing WEI Xianbin LI Guiping YANG Zongyou CHEN Xiao WEI

Abstract The cultivation technology were standardized for improving the yield and quality, and the commodity value and the competitiveness of fruit market, and solving the bottleneck problem—fruit quality and yield that affect the industrial development of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith. Through the investigation of K. coccinea production area and planting area, collection and analysis of fruit samples, it was found that in most planting area, the varieties of K. coccinea were mixed, with great differences in fruit quality and yield, which makes it impossible to realize large-scale planting. In view of these problems, a series of studies have been carried out and the technical regulations for standardized planting of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit K. coccinea were formulated.

Key words Wild fruit; Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith; Standardization; Technical regulations for planting

Received: January 3, 2021  Accepted: March 5, 2021

Supported by Key R & D projects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GK AB18221091); Scientific Research and Scientific Planning of Guilin, Guangxi (20160223-1).

Xiaoxue Qi (1963-), female, P. R. China, Researcher, mainly engaged in the research of characteristic economic plants.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: qixiaoxue@126.com.

Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith is an evergreen woody vine of Kadsura in Magnoliaceae, also known as Lengfantuan, Guoshanlongteng, Dazuan, Renmianguo, Bufuna. It is a kind of rare and multi-purpose characteristic wild fruit that integrates edible［1-4］, medicinal［5-11］, beauty［12］, greening and ornamental functions and thus has very good prospect of development and utilization.

The fruit of K. coccinea is non-toxic［13］, smells like apple, and tastes delicious and sweet. It is rich in vitamins and many trace elements such as manganese, iron, copper and calcium needed by the human body［1-4］. The amino acid content in the flesh is 0.376% averagely, up to 1.61%. The total amino acid content in the peel is as high as 0.872%, and the average content is 0.628%.

Since 2010, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Purui Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., Guilin Guanyang Heya Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., and Guilin Ante Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd. have cooperated in the cultivation and breeding of K. coccinea. Through the investigation, sample collection and analysis in K. coccinea production areas and different planting areas in the past ten years, it is found that most of the K. coccinea planting areas are in a state of mixed varieties, and the fruit quality and yield vary greatly. Although the fruit has a high nutritional and health value, the current planting situation reduces its commodity value and the competitiveness in the fruit market, and there is a large price gap. In some areas, the fruit is left in the ground and no one buys it. Some growers dug up the K. coccinea plants that had already born fruit. Although the planting area of K. coccinea nationwide has expanded year after year, large-scale planting has still not been realized.

In order to improve the fruit and quality of K. coccinea, realize the large-scale planting of K. coccinea, and make it a kind of advantageous characteristic fruit of China, improve the economic and social benefits, and help the farmers in poverty-stricken areas and counties to get rid of poverty and become rich, according to our research results, we propose to recommend standardized planting technical regulations for the rare and multi-purpose wild fruit K. coccinea.

Field Selection

Environmental conditions of production area

In compliance with the relevant regulations of NY/T 5010-2016［14］, warm and humid plains, hills, roadsides, rocky cliffs, riversides and fields, with an average annual temperature of 15-21 ℃, an average temperature of  -10 ℃ or higher in winter, and an altitude of 100-1 200 m, where the soil is neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam and drainage and irrigation are convenient, can be selected for planting K. coccinea.

Orchard planning

According to natural conditions and production conditions, the road systems, water and soil conservation measures, irrigation and drainage systems, and frame types should be planned according to local conditions.

Variety selection

The variety selection plan can be formulated according to climate, soil characteristics and variety characteristics (maturity, stress resistance, quality, etc.).

Shed frame selection

Large flat-top shed frames or fence frames can be chosen according to the terrain and climate.

Planting

Orchard preparation

Field preparation

Weeds and shrubs can be cut, sun-dried and finally cleaned up by firing. Or after the thick branches are discarded, twigs, leaves and weeds are piled up, composted and refilled as base fertilizer during land preparation. In the afforestation land with a large slope, horizontal belts should be formed first, and the land should be turned over before planting.

Arrangement of drainage ditches

The K. coccinea loves humid environments, but is not tolerant to waterlogging. For fields with heavy soil and waterlogging, soil improvement must be carried out. It is best to set up underground aeration and irrigation ditches. For flat land cultivation, attention should be paid to digging drainage ditches to avoid accumulation of water. Drainage ditches, cross ditches and ring ditches are dug or drainage ditches are dug according to plants. The main ditches are 60-70 cm in depth and width, and shallow drainage ditches of 30-40 cm in depth and width communicating with the main ditches are dug along the line.

Burying columns and tieing steel wires

12.0 cm×10.0 cm×230 cm cement columns are buried at a distance of 4 m×3 m, or 8 cm×8 cm×230 cm cement columns at a distance of 3 cm×3 cm. Ground drills or digging shovels are used to dig holes, which are a bit larger than the cement columns and 50 cm deep. The cement columns are buried into the holes with soil tightly. Beams are set up or large steel wires are tied at the top of the columns, and steel wires are drawn longitudinally and transversely at a fixed interval between the beams to form a square grid, thereby constituting a flat-top shed frame.

Seedling selection

Healthy cutting plantlets or grafted plantlets of more than one year old, with well-developed fibrous roots, free of diseases and insects, are selected.

Plantation density

100-120 plants are planted in a flat-top shed frame, and 300 plants are planted on a fence frame.

Planting time

It can be planted throughout the year, and the best planting time is from November to May of the following year.

Soil, fertilizer and water management

Soil management

Weeds should be removed, and earthing should be carried out after rain to cover exposed roots.

Fertilizer management

Fertilization principles

According to NY/T496-2002［15］, the commercial fertilizers used should be fertilizers that are registered or exempted from registration with the Department of Agriculture Administration.

Types of fertilizers

The fertilizers applied include organic fertilizers (compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, bran fertilizer, etc.), microbial fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, etc.

Application period and method

Base fertilizer: Decomposed organic fertilizer is applied to each planting pit in an amount of 15-20 kg.

Topdressing: Topdressing is performed 3-4 times a year. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the main fertilizers before sprouting, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are the main fertilizers during the flowering and fruiting period, combined with medium and trace element fertilizers. Foliage fertilization can be carried out according to the growth situation.

Water management

The flower bud differentiation period, flowering period and fruit expansion period need proper amount of water to ensure sufficient water and prevent excessive water loss due to drought.

Picking of buds and shoots, and trimming

Picking of buds and shoots

There are many dormant buds on the base of the trunk and the main vines and old branches under the frame. Some of them will germinate in spring, summer, and autumn, and the new shoots will grow vigorously and prosperously. Most of them do not bloom or could not bloom and bear fruit in the very year. Attention should be paid to timely removing the hidden buds at the base and under the frame, and 2 to 3 strong branches that germinate early can be kept on each branch on the frame as renewing vines for filling the space.

Trimming

The cutting length of the fruit-bearing mother branches is determined according to the characteristics of the variety, the characteristics of the frame, the age of the tree, and the yield. The principle of shaping and pruning during the sapling period: Strong branches and vines are cultivated as the tree body skeleton; in winter, the branches are cut short form the positions of full buds; and in spring and summer, the trees should be topped from the full buds to make the tree sprouts more strong braches and tendrils and build the skeleton braches and tendrils.

Disease and pest control techniques

The use of chemical pesticides should meet the requirements of GB/T 8321［16］.

Main pests and diseases

Main diseases: Leaf spot, zonate spot, shoot blight, etc.

Main pests: Fruit flies, Tortricidae of Lepidoptera, Trichodesidae, Pieridae of Lepidoptera, Oides bowringii in Chrysomelidae of Coleoptera.

Control principles

We should put disease prevention first, and implement comprehensive prevention and treatment. We should reasonably use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue biological or chemical pesticides, and prohibit high-residue pesticides.

Control methods

Control of diseases

We should put disease prevention first. Farmyard manure that has been composted and fermented should be applied, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be increased. Attention should be paid to pruning, ventilation and light transmission. Diseased branches and leaves should be treated in time, and pesticides should be sprayed in time if diseases are found.

Control of pests

Fruit flies are controlled by hanging yellow sticky insect boards and sex attractants. Control of other pests should be carried out in the larval stage, and the medicine can be a stomach poison with high efficiency and low toxicity.

Fruit Harvesting and Storage

When the color of the pericarp changes from green to red or purplish red, and the small berries are no longer sticky, the fruit can be harvested.

When harvesting, the fruit is cut using a fruit cutter with a fruit stalk together, and placed in a fruit basket gently. After placed indoors for 1 to 2 d, the fruit can be preserved in a refrigerator or cold storage for 1 to 2 weeks.

Agricultural Biotechnology2021

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