简单句在书面表达中的运用

2021-06-04四川

疯狂英语·新读写 2021年5期

关键词：及物动词代词谓语

四川付利

所谓简单句，就是由一个主语或者并列主语，加一个谓语或者并列谓语构成。简单句是一切句型的基础，也是书面表达中出场率最高的句子。简单句包括五大基本句型：主谓、主谓宾、主谓双宾、主谓宾宾补和主系表。

Step 1 真题感知

（2019·全国乙卷）

Dear Sir/Madam,

I'm Li Hua, a student from China.Having known a Chinese Painting exhibition to be held by the local art gallery, I'm writing to apply to be a volunteer.

I'm confident that I'm qualified for the position.First, I have a good command of both Chinese and English, which enables me to communicate with foreigners without difficulty.Second, I have the similar experience, and know the duty of a volunteer better.In addition, I can explain the Chinese paintings in detail and offer help to anyone who is in need.I think I'm the exact person you need.

I would appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.

Yours,

Li hua

在这篇书面表达中我们能看到许多的简单句。简单句是一篇书面表达的核心句型。而且我们也要明白，书面表达并不是我们想象中那么高深、令人生畏。大家要树立这样的自信：只要我们把题审好了，把要点涵盖全，语言表达不是我们想象中那么难以驾驭。（2019·全国丙卷）

Dear Allen,

How's it going? I'm writing to invite you to take part in our coming School Music Festival.主语谓语The Festival will be celebrated on June 16 in the Art Center.As scheduled, it will begin at 9 am主语谓语主语谓语and go on to 12 am.If you're present, you'll be sure to enjoy wonderful Chinese folk songs and Western主语系动词表语music performed by our teachers and schoolmates.Since you're an expert in theatrical performances,I sincerely invite you to sing and dance on the show.I believe it must be one of the highlights.主语谓语宾语宾补主语谓语宾语（从句）I'm looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

在这篇文章中，除了五大基本句型中的主谓双宾之外，其他句型都用到了。主谓双宾的例子如下：（2019·全国甲卷）

I will give you an introduction to the game so that you can make full preparations for it.

主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语

Step 2 语法唤醒

一、主语

主语是句子的主体，是谓语陈述的对象。谓语动词要和主语在数上保持一致。以下词类或者结构常作主语：名词、代词、the +adj./ p.p.、动名词、不定式、从句、it作形式主语等。动词不能作主语。祈使句一般没有主语。

1.Both Brenda and Janette were admitted into the famous university.(名词)

2.All is well that ends well.(代词)

3.The injured were well taken care of in the hospital.(the + p.p.)

4.Persuading him to join us took us a lot of time.(动名词)

5.To prevent the animals from extinction is to save ourselves.(不定式)

6.What we don't have always seems better than what we have.(从句)

7.It's clear that cleaning hands can effectively fight against COVID-19.(it作形式主语)

二、谓语

谓语是指在句子中作谓语的动词或者动词短语，说明主语“是什么”或者“做什么”。动词的具体分类如下：

主动词实义动词 start、run、write等连系动词 be、become、turn、get、go、remain、fall、stay等谓语动词基本助动词（无实义） be、do、have、will等根据句法功能分类助动词情态助动词 can、could、may、might、must、should、need等不定式 to speak、to talk、to play等非谓语动词分词(现在分词、过去分词)动名词taking、managing、opening、closed、carried等walking、running、saying等根据词汇意义分类状态动词状态词 be、remain、keep、stay、stand、lie、sit、sleep等动作动词持续性动词 live、work、walk、study等终止性动词 pause、stop、die、come、promise、break等

（一）及物动词与不及物动词

及物动词和不及物动词都是实义动词。实义动词是指具有完整意义，可以独立作谓语的动词。实义动词也可以与助动词一起用，表达更加复杂的动词意义。及物动词有被动语态。

能直接跟宾语的动词叫及物动词。和及物动词有关的基本句型：主—谓—宾、主—谓—双宾、主—谓—宾语—宾补。

1.I accepted his invitation.(主谓宾)

2.I found that he had great interest in English.(主谓宾)

3.I will show you my new pictures.(主谓双宾)

4.Roy taught us some simple French.(主谓双宾)

5.Tony found it hard to pronounce Russian.(主谓宾宾补)

6.He found smoke rising from the house while waiting for his girlfriend.(主谓宾宾补)

7.The chairman made himself heard by raising his voice.(主谓宾宾补)

不及物动词是指后面不能跟宾语的动词。不及物动词没有被动语态。在英语中大多数动词既可以作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。单纯的不及物动词很少。不及物动词包括：apologize、appear、arrive、come、go、run、walk、die、fall、flow、happen、rise、stay、sit、lie、stand。

和不及物动词有关的基本句型：主—谓。但是很少有这么简单的句子，一般跟状语或者跟合适的介词带宾语。

1.Jerry is running so fast.

2.Steven has stayed upstairs for an hour.

3.He stopped to have a rest.

4.He listened to the radio so attentively that he almost ran into the car ahead.

（二）连系动词

连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词，称为连系动词。连系动词涉及的基本句型是：主—系—表。

表示状态的连系动词：be、seem、appear、keep、stay、remain等

表示变化的连系动词：become、get、grow、turn、go等

表示感官的连系动词：seem、appear、look、smell、taste、sound、feel等

还有其他连系动词：prove、turn out、fall等

三、宾语、双宾语、宾语补语

宾语是动词所作用的对象，一般由名词、代词或者相当于名词和代词的结构担任，宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，也有形容词宾语。双宾语是指直接宾语和间接宾语。能够接双宾语的动词比较有限，比如teach、show、tell、ask、pay、promise、pass、hand、post、keep、order、sing、get等。宾语补语是对宾语补充，通常由形容词或者形容词短语、名词、不定式、V-ing、 V-ed、介词短短、副词等担任，可以接宾语补语的动词也比较有限。例句参照上文。

四、表语

表语通常放在情态动词之后，表示主语的身份、性质或者状态。作表语的通常是名词、代词、形容词、V-ing、V-ed、不定式、介词短语、从句等。

1.Tomorrow is the first day of school.

2.As a saying goes, failure is the mother of success.

3.Old as he is, he still remains important in the town.

4.His hair turned grey overnight.

Step 3 单句过手

1.我已经写好了申请信和个人简历。 (主谓宾)_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2．(2017·全国甲卷)参观这个展览，我们不仅可以欣赏民间作品，而且可以学到很多。（主谓宾）

Visiting this exhibition,____________________________________________________________________

3．为了解决这个问题，我和我的同学们讨论了一下，并提出了一个建议。 (主谓宾)

To solve this problem,____________________________________________________________________

4．(2017·全国丙卷)如果你要参加，请把信息发到intlpssppt@gmschool.com。（主谓双宾）

If you will join,____________________________________________________________________

5.我们把这个想法汇报给了校长。（主谓双宾）_

6.(2017·浙江卷)我打算去远足，想邀请你参加。 (主谓宾宾补)

I plan to go hiking, and I want to____________________________________________________________________

7.现在，我代表全校同学真诚祝愿你平安回家。（主谓宾宾补）

Now, on behalf of my schoolmates,____________________________________________________________________

8.(2017·全国丙卷)我想邀请你加入，因为你很会打乒乓球。 (主谓宾宾补)

____________________________________________________________________, since you are good at table tennis.

9.(2019·全国甲卷)比赛将于下周三在我们学校体育馆开始。 (主谓)_

10.(2018·全国乙卷)首先，你最好提前一点到。 (主谓)

First of all,____________________________________________________________________

11.(2019·浙江卷)听到你即将回国的消息，我感到很难过。（主系表）

12.(2017·全国甲卷)剪纸是一门历史悠久的中国民间艺术。 (主系表）

13.(2017·浙江卷)10月1日早上8点，我们将在校门口集合。 (主系表）

14.展览的主题是环境保护。 (主系表）_

Step 4 语篇活用

（2020·全国丙卷）

Dear Miss Evans,

1.________________(我很高兴告诉你) that 2.____________________ (我和我的同学写了一部英语剧).3._____________________ (我写信来请你给一些建议) on how to improve it.

4.___________________(这部剧是根据英语课本的一个故事改编的).5.___________________(故事讲的是4个兄弟姐妹在一个虚构的冰雪世界Narnia的冒险经历).While fighting against enemies with Aslan and other warriors, 6.___________________(他们学会了勇敢、宽恕和智慧) and restore summer to Narnia.Since you are an expert in drama, 7.__________________ _(我们真诚希望你能帮我们修改剧本), making 8._____________________(情节更吸引人), words more lively and contents richer.If convenient, would you meet us at 3 pm in our classroom this Saturday?

We would be grateful if you could give us an early reply.Best wishes!Yours,Li Hua