破解“时态”、“语态”的六个切入点

“时态”、“语态”无论是在单项选择、完形填空、对话填空、翻译、短文改错、单词拼写的考查中，还是在写作的考查中都是“重头戏”。但是与汉语不同（汉语不需变化谓语而直接用时间状语体现时间或主谓宾关系），英语是不断变化谓语形式来体现时间概念及谓语与主语的关系，因此很多学生“谈时态、语态色变”。以下根据高考英语试题的命题特点，从六个方面来寻找解这类题的突破口。

一、 明确几组易混时态的用法。

1 一般现在时态和现在进行时态

① Light travels much faster than sound.（客观事实）

② She is visiting Canada.（现阶段正在做）

③ —Do you live here？（目前状况）

—No. Im visiting my old friends these days. （现阶段正在做，体现暂时性）

④ I sometimes work until dawn.（经常会，习惯性动作）

一般现在时态表示目前经常发生或习惯性的动作，表示客观事实或主语目前的特征、状况、能力等。现在进行时态表示说话人正在进行的动作或现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作，体现它的暂时性。

【经典考例】

① The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

A. hasnt lived B. didnt live

C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live

② —I dont suppose the police know who did it.

—Well， surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _______ now.

A. has been questioned B. is being questioned

C. is questioning D. had questioned

【解析】答案：① D ② B

① 表明了主語目前的状况和能力，用一般现在时态;②表示此刻正在进行的动作，又因是被动关系，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。

2. 一般过去时态和过去进行时态

① Yesterday I was writing a report and now Im continuing to write it.（未完成）

② Yesterday I wrote a report and now Im typing it.（已完成）

③ When you phoned I was talking with my foreign teacher.

（一般过去时态表示短暂的某一动作;过去进行时态为前者提供背景，起铺垫作用）

一般过去时态侧重于某动作在过去发生的事实，体现动作的完成性;过去进行时态表示动作在过去某时或某阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作，体现它的未完成性和持续性。

【经典考例】

① I _______ you not to move my dictionary—now I cant find it.

A. asked B. was asking

C. ask D. had asked

② —Has Sam finished his homework today？

—I have no idea. He ________ it this morning.

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

④ —Did you see a man in black pass by just now？

—No， sir， Ia newspaper.

A. read B. was reading

C. would read D. am reading

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 仅强调过去动作的事实，表示“已经告诉过”;② 从“I have no idea”及“this morning”可知“do the homework”并未完成，强调动作的持续过程。

3. 一般过去时和现在完成时

① I learned Java Language at college. （强调过去动作的事实）

② I have learned Java Language.（强调我学过，现在还掌握着，并有能力胜任某种工作，对现在有影响）

一般过去时态侧重于某动作在过去发生的事实，可以和具体的过去时间状语连用;现在完成时态所表示的事情发生的时间可能是过去，这个动作对现在产生了影响，或一直持续到现在。

【经典考例】

① —Did you tidy your room？

—No， I was going to tidy my room but I ________ visitors.

A. had B. have

C. have had D. will have

② Danny ________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

A.works B. is working

C. has worked D. worked

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 仅表示当时有visitors，对现在没有任何影响;② work这个动作从过去一直持续到现在，对现在造成影响，使“he is popular now”。

4. 完成时态和完成进行时态

① I have read David Copperfield.（完成）

② I have been reading David Copperfield.（还未完成，继续进行）

完成时态表示动作或状态的完成，而完成进行时态表示动作还会继续持续下去。

【经典考例】

① I got caught in the rain and my suit _________.

A. has ruined

B. had ruined

C. has been ruined

D. had been ruined

② Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School， where she ________ English for a year.

A. studies

B. studied

C. is studying         D. has been studying

③ They ________ on the program for almost one week before I joined them， and now we ________ it as no need results have come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working

B. had worked; were still working

C. have been working; have worked

D. have worked; are still working

【解析】答案：① C ② D ③ A

① “my suit”被“ruin”是完成的動作，并说明对现在造成的影响，另外主语和谓语是动宾关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态;② Cathy在这个学校学习一年了，从第一句话可知她还在这儿学习，这个动作会持续下去，用现在完成进行时态;③ 从before I joined them和下文“结果还没有出来”可知work还会持续下去，故第一空用过去完成进行时态。

5. 现在完成时态和过去完成时态

① I have been to Beijing for many times， so I know much about the city.

② I had been to Beijing for many times before I went to Peking University.

③ The train had left when I arrived at the railway station.

现在完成时态所表示的事情发生的时间可能是过去，但这个动作对现在产生了影响，或一直持续到现在，它强调现在;而过去完成时态则表示“过去的过去”，即语境中一定要有一个过去的时间作为陪衬，然后以这个时间为基点向前推移的某个动作或状态用过去完成时态。

【经典考例】

My friend， who ________ on the International Olympic Committee all his life， is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving

C. had served D. has served

【解析】答案：D

从“is retiring next month”可知 “serve…all his life”是指从过去到现在的动作，强调现在，用现在完成时。

二、 抓住对话语境或题干中的“明确时间”。

【经典考例】

① I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _______ there several years ago.

A. are going B. had been

C. went D. have been

② —Have you handed in your school work yet？

—Yes. I have. I guess it _________ now.

A. has graded B. is graded

C. is being graded D. is grading

③ At that time tomorrow _________ over the Atlantic.

A. were going to fly

B. well be flying

C. well fly

D. were to fly

④ The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympic _________ by 2006.

A. has been completed

B. has completed

C. will have been completed

D. will have completed

【解析】答案：① C ② C ③ B ④ C

① 从several years ago可知应选用一般过去时 态;② 从now及语境可知应选用现在进行时态，同时又构成被动关系;③ 从时间状语in the past years可知是现在完成时态;③ 从时间状语At that time tomorrow可知是将来进行时态;④ 应说明一下，此题是2014年北京高考题，那么2016年应为将来时间，“by +时间”引导的时间状语，应为完成时态，同时主谓之间是被动关系，故此题应选用将来完成时态的被动语态。

*许多时态都有相应的时间状语与其连用，如：一般过去时态可以和in 1890， two years ago， yesterday， last night等连用;现在时态则可以和now， these days， sometimes， often等连用;将来时态可以和tomorrow， next week， some day等连用，完成时态就可以和before， since， in the last/past years， recently， so far， by+时间等连用。先确定现在、过去、将来三大时间范围，再根据语境提示及几组易混淆时态的用法，来判断具体的时态。

三、 提炼对话语境或题干中的“隐含时间”。

① —It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.

—Oh， dont mention it. I ________ past your house anyway.

A. was coming B. will come

C. had come D. have come

② Months ago we sailed 10，000 miles across this open sea， which _______ the Pacific， and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

③—Thank goodness， you are here！ What _______ you？

—Traffic jam.

A. keeps B. is keeping

C. had kept D. kept

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 从语境来看，我是当时伤了你，应该为过去时间范畴。第一空仅表示事实，而第二空为前者提供更详细的背景，起铺垫作用，用过去进行时态。② 从语境来看，他们not speak发生在became friends that day 之前，故为过去完成时态。① 从上句语境来看，“I come past your house”是当时正发生的动作，而不是此时此刻。② 题干出现的都是过去时态，很容易误选A，但仔细琢磨一下，被叫作“the Pacific”是目前的客观事实，应为一般现在时态的被动语态。③ 根据语境，“you are here”是现在，这之前应用一般过去时。

高考中对时态、语态考查的多数题目是在没有明确的时間状语情况下通过语境来体现的，这就要求同学们善于根据上下文句意和语境，提炼其中动作发生的时间点，再根据各种时态的用法确定其答案。

四、 掌握主从句时态的呼应、并列句时态的暗示、固定句型中时态的固定用法。

【经典考例】

① —How can I apply for an online course？

—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.

A. see B. are seeing

C. have seen D. will see

② The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time.

A. sold B. had been sold

C. were sold D. would sell

③ Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.

A. wrote B. will write

C. have written D. write

④ I _______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ________.

A. went; was occurring

B. went; occurred

C. was going; occurred

D. was going; had occurred

⑤ By the time Jane gets home， her aunt ________ for London to attend a meeting.

A. will leave B. leaves

C. will have left D. left

【解析】答案：① D ② C ③ D ④ C ⑤ C

① 固定句型：祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句（将来时态）。② 由主句had already been可

推出从句肯定是过去时态。② 主从句呼应，都是一般过去时态。③ 在由when， as soon as， if等引导的时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，其谓语动词应用一般时态表达将来概念。④ 在用连词when引导的并列分句中，第一分句常用进行时态或be about to do（将来时态），第二分句常用一般时态表达。⑤ by+时间状语（从句），句子或主句用完成时态，而by引导的时间状语从句用一般时态表达将来动作。

*英语句子中有很多固定结构，时态也有固定套路或原则，掌握这些用法，也是破解时态、语态题的关键所在。

五、 吃透各种将来时态表示法的异同之处。

【经典考例】

① In a room above the store， where a party _______， some workers were busily setting the table.

A. was to be held

B. had been held

C. will be held

D. is being held

② Look at the timetable. Hurry up！ Flight 4026 _______ off at 18：20.

A. takes B. took

C. will be taken D. has taken

③ Ladies and gentlemen， please fasten your seat belts. The plane ________.

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

④ —Did you tell Julia about the results？

—Oh，no，I forgot. I ________ her now.

A. will be calling B. will call

C. call D. am to call

⑤ In such dry weather， the flowers will have to be watered if they _______.

A. have survived B. are to survive

C. would survive D. will survive

【解析】答案：① A ② A ③ B ④ B ⑤ B

① 从语境来看，此句应为过去将来时态的被动语态。② 一般时态表达将来，一般用于列入日程表、不能改变的将来动作，常用于航班、火车、班车等，与具体时间点连用。③ 进行时态表达将来时态，常用于按计划将要发生的动作，趋向转移的动词（go， come， leave， rush等）居多。④ will/shall引导的将来时态，仅表示对将来的预测或临时的决定。⑤ if引导的条件状语从句不能用将来时态表达，但可以和be to do连用，表示“一定，必须”。

几种表示将来时态的用法有它们的异同之处，同学们在平时的学习中要注意区分它们在不同语境中的使用。

六、 结合主谓一致、倒装、虚拟语气等其他知识综合考查。

【经典考例】

① We live day by day， but in great things， the time of days and weeks _________ so small that a day is unimportant.

A. is B. are

C. has been D. have been

② They _________ 2 free tickets to Canada， otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go.

A. had got B. got

C. have got D. get

③ So difficult ________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.

A. I have found B. have I found

C. I did find D. did I find

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 此句是现在时态，主语为the time。②从后面句子的虚拟谓语（theyd never have been）來看，是指过去时间。③根据语境，结合倒装。

掌握主谓一致原则、倒装、虚拟语气等其他综合知识也是破解时态、语态的关键之一。

我丈夫马上就要回来了

A married man was visiting his “girlfriend” when she requested that he shave his beard.

“Oh James， I like your beard， but I would really love to see your handsome face.”

James replied， “My wife loves this beard， I couldnt possibly do it， she would kill me！！”

“Oh please？” the girlfriend asked again， in a sexy little voice…

“Oh really， I cant，” he replies…“My wife loves this beard！！”

The girlfriend asked once more， and he sighs and finally gives in. That night James crawls into bed with his wife while she was sleeping.

The wife is awakened somewhat， feels his face and replies “Oh Michael， you shouldnt be here， my husband will be home soon！”

一个已婚男人去拜访他的“女朋友”时，女朋友要求他剃去胡须。

“噢，詹姆斯，我喜欢你的胡子，但我更喜欢看到你英俊的面孔。”

詹姆斯回答说，“我的妻子喜欢我的胡子，所以我不可能剃掉它，否则她会杀了我的。”

“噢，我求你了，”女朋友用一种低沉的、性感的声音又一次说道。

“可是，我不能，”他回答道，“我的妻子喜欢这胡子。”

在女朋友再三请求下，他终于屈服同意了。夜里，在妻子熟睡时，詹姆斯爬上了床。

妻子朦朦胧胧地摸了摸他的脸说道，“噢，迈克尔，你不应该在这里，我的丈夫很快就要回来了。”