同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对南方双季籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响
2021-03-31陈丽明王文霞熊若愚解嘉鑫吴自明谭雪明曾勇军陈雄飞石庆华潘晓华曾研华
陈丽明,王文霞,熊若愚,解嘉鑫,吴自明,谭雪明,曾勇军,陈雄飞,石庆华,潘晓华,曾研华
同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对南方双季籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响
陈丽明,王文霞,熊若愚,解嘉鑫,吴自明,谭雪明,曾勇军,陈雄飞,石庆华,潘晓华,曾研华※
(江西农业大学/作物生理生态与遗传育种教育部重点实验室/江西省作物生理生态与遗传育种重点实验室/双季稻现代化生产协同创新中心,南昌 330045)
为了明确不同直播方式对早晚兼用双季籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响,该研究以常规早籼稻湘早籼45号和杂交晚籼稻泰优398为材料,进行早晚双季直播种植,比较人工撒直播(AS)和同步开沟起垄精量穴直播(PHDD)对早晚兼用双季直播稻出苗、产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与AS相比,PHDD显著提高供试品种的出苗率,早晚季增幅分别为7.4%~14.2%和6.9%~8.0%;PHDD有利于提高供试品种周年产量,2个品种的增产幅度为3.23%~21.66%,其中湘早籼45号早晚2季增产均显著,泰优398为晚季增产显著;从产量构成因素来看,PHDD下供试品种的产量提高主要与有效穗数、每穗粒数有关;PHDD显著提高湘早籼45号早季的精米率、整精米率和垩白度以及泰优398晚季的垩白粒率,显著降低泰优398早季的整精米率及湘早籼45号晚季的垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质含量,直链淀粉含量无显著差异;PHDD显著提高泰优398晚季米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,显著降低糊化温度。总体来说,PHDD有利于提高优质水稻品种周年产量,主要与穗粒数协调有关,增产途径因品种和季节而异,同时显著改善湘早籼45号早季加工品质及晚季外观品质,降低泰优398的早季加工品质及晚季外观品质,但改善其晚季蒸煮食味品质,PHDD下晚季直播稻稻米品质改善明显。研究结果可为南方双季直播籼稻优质丰产栽培提供理论依据。
水稻;机械化;种植;直播方式;产量;稻米品质
0 引 言
直播稻因其节水[1]、节省劳动力[2]和温室气体排放少[3],有利于水稻轻简化生产等诸多优点,呈迅速发展趋势[4]。华南农业大学发明的同步开沟起垄精量穴直播技术可实现直播稻田间成行成穴的有序生长,实现了直播水稻轻简化与机械化栽培[5]。南方稻区作为中国重要的双季稻优势主产区,直播稻种植面积也逐年增加,且晚稻直播面积也呈上升趋势,但主要以人工撒直播为主,易导致植株分布杂乱无序,通风透光性差,降低直播稻产量,影响产量的稳定性[6]。而南方稻区直播稻的生产方式呈现人工撒直播和机械直播共存的局面;同时,近年来,南方籼稻优质化生产趋势明显,为水稻产业结构转型升级与提质增效奠定了重要基础。而转变生产方式是实现南方优质籼稻生产提质增效的重要举措。因此,研究不同直播方式对南方双季优质籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响,对于促进南方双季直播稻的优质丰产栽培具有重要意义。关于直播稻优质丰产栽培已有大量研究。张鸿等[7]研究表明,轻干湿交替灌溉下安排适宜的施氮量,可同步提高直播早籼稻的产量、氮素利用率和水分利用率。吴培等[8]研究发现直播晚粳稻225 kg/hm2施氮水平搭配180×104株/hm2直播密度仍可获得较高产量。王文霞等[9]研究认为,提早播种降低了直播早籼稻的产量、加工品质、外观品质和营养品质,但改善了稻米的食味品质。姚义等[10]研究指出麦茬直播粳稻尽可能早播易获高产,且改善稻米的蒸煮与食味品质,但降低外观品质。前人的研究主要集中于播期[11]、播种密度[12]、肥料运筹[13]、水分管理[14]、抗倒伏[15]等栽培措施对直播早籼稻或麦茬直播粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响,但关于双季直播籼稻的研究较少,尤其是在机械直播方式下探讨南方双季直播稻产量和稻米品质变异特征的研究不足,且相比人工撒直播方式,并无统一的定量结论。此外,早稻品种翻秋作晚稻直播与晚稻品种作早稻种植连种晚稻均可解决直播稻田落粒谷影响下茬稻谷纯度与稻米品质等问题,也是南方双季稻区抗灾补救晚稻生产的重要技术措施;同时,选用优质早熟型晚籼稻品种作早稻种植,亦可实现优质稻米早上市,解决早稻卖粮难的问题。因此,本研究以常规早籼稻湘早籼45号和早晚兼用型杂交籼稻泰优398为试验材料,分别进行早季早与晚季早稻种植的双季直播模式,系统比较人工撒直播和同步开沟起垄精量穴直播方式下双季直播稻出苗、产量及稻米品质的变化特征,以期为南方双季直播稻优质丰产稳产栽培提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验地点与供试材料
试验于2019年4-11月在江西农业大学产学研合作人才培养上高创新实践基地(115°09'E、28°31'N)进行,试验地年降水量为1 650 mm,年平均气温为17.5 ℃。土壤类型为第四纪红色黏土发育而成的水稻土,0~20 cm耕层土壤肥力:全氮1.92 g/kg、有机质34.55 g/kg、速效氮95.44 mg/kg、速效磷27.79 mg/kg、速效钾99.66 mg/kg,pH值5.98。
在前期2 a研究结果的基础上[16-17],选取湘早籼45号(Xiangzaoxian45)和泰优398(Taiyou398)采用早晚兼用的搭配方式,即早稻和晚稻均为同一品种。其中湘早籼45号为常规中熟早籼稻,作双季早稻种植的全生育期106 d,千粒质量26.2 g,该品种米质优,抗性好;泰优398属早晚兼用型三系杂交籼稻,该品种株型适中,分蘖力强,米质优,在江西省作早稻种植的全生育期116 d,千粒质量23.5 g,米质达部标3级;作晚稻种植全生育期111.2 d,千粒质量23.1 g,米质达国优2级。
1.2 试验设计
采用裂区设计,品种为主区,直播方式为副区,主区面积为1 334 m2,副区为667 m2。因南方田块大小限制,为了符合大田生产实际,便于机械化穴直播作业,处理不设重复。设计2种直播方式:人工撒直播(AS)和同步开沟起垄精量穴直播(PHDD)。常规稻播种量为70 kg/hm2,杂交稻播种量为33 kg/hm2,2种直播方式的播种量相同。早稻于4月5日播种,各处理收割后在同一大区播种晚稻,晚稻于7月29日播种。直播机机型为2BDXZ-10SC(25),播种株行距为常规稻12 cm×25 cm,每穴5~8粒;杂交稻14 cm×25 cm,每穴3~5粒。早季施纯氮量为165 kg/hm2,其中基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥= 5∶2∶3;磷肥(P2O5)施用量为90 kg/hm2,作为基肥一次性施入;钾肥(KO2)施用量为150 kg/hm2,其中基肥∶穗肥=7∶3。晚季施纯氮量为195 kg/hm2,其中基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶2∶4;磷肥(P2O5)施用量为90 kg/hm2,全部作为基肥;钾肥(KO2)施用量为170 kg/hm2,其中基肥∶穗肥=7∶3。栽培措施同一般高产栽培进行。试验期间田间温光、降雨等气候正常,无重大气象灾害发生,温度、日照时数与降雨量气象数据如图1所示,早季乳熟期(7月3-13日)遭遇持续强降雨(日均降雨量26.5 mm)和降温天气(最低日均气温为21.6 ℃),导致成熟期延长,晚季降雨量少。
1.3 测定项目与方法
1.3.1 生育期
记录不同直播方式的播种期、抽穗期和成熟期。抽穗期是指大区中50%植株抽穗的日期,成熟期是指大区中95%稻谷变黄的生理成熟日期。
1.3.2 出苗率
苗期调查1 m2出苗数,每个大区3次重复。出苗率按式(1)计算:
出苗率=出苗数/播种粒数×100%(1)
1.3.3 产量与产量构成
成熟期调查3 m2有效穗数,取0.5 m2植株采用水漂法考种;实割10 m2测产,脱粒后晒干称质量,计算实际产量,每个大区3次重复。
1.3.4稻米品质
按照《GB/T 17891-2017 优质稻谷》测定糙米率(%)、精米率(%)、整精米率(%)、垩白粒率(%)、垩白度(%)、直链淀粉含量(%)。蛋白质含量(%)采用凯氏定氮法测定,换算系数为5.95。
1.3.5 RVA谱特征值
采用RVA快速黏度分析仪(Super 3,Newport Scientific,澳大利亚),TCW配套软件分析米粉黏滞特性,指标为峰值黏度(Pa·s)、热浆黏度(Pa·s)、最终黏度(Pa·s)、崩解值(Pa·s)、消减值(Pa·s)、糊化时间(min)和糊化温度(℃)。
1.4 数据分析
用Microsoft Excel 2007、SPSS 19.0(SPSS Inc Chicago, USA)进行处理和分析,Origin 9.5作图,采用LSD法在<0.05水平进行差异显著性检验。
2 结果与分析
2.1 生育期
不同直播方式对供试水稻品种的早晚2季全生育期无较大影响,泰优398晚季同步开沟起垄精量穴直播下抽穗期提前(表1),而同一品种进行异季种植的营养生长期(播种-抽穗)和生殖生长期(抽穗-成熟)相差很大,主要表现为晚季播抽历期显著缩短,但花后生育期显著延长。湘早籼45号作晚季种植的全生育期比早季缩短9 d,而泰优398作早晚稻2季间的全生育期相差较小。
表1 不同直播方式下各品种生育期
注:AS:人工撒直播;PHDD:同步开沟起垄精量穴直播:ST:播种期:HS:抽穗期;MS: 成熟期;ST-HS:播种-抽穗;HS-MS:抽穗-成熟。下同。
Note: AS: artificial seeding; PHDD: precision hill-drop drilling; ST: seeding time; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage; ST-HS: seeding time-heading stage; HS-MS: heading stage- maturity stage. The same as below.
2.2 出苗率
由图2可知,季别(S)、品种(V)和处理(T)及其互作对供试品种的出苗率均有极显著影响(S×V除外)。不同播种方式下,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著提高双季直播早晚籼稻品种的出苗率,且同一品种晚季出苗率要相应高于早季。与人工撒直播相比,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播下湘早籼45号早晚季的出苗率分别提高14.2%、8.0%,泰优398早晚季则分别提高7.4%、6.9%。说明同步开沟起垄精量穴直播有利于提高供试品种双季直播的出苗率,为秧苗早发奠定基础。
2.3 产量与产量构成
由表2可知,品种对晚季和周年的产量有显著影响,而处理对早季、晚季和周年产量有显著或极显著影响,且品种和处理对早季产量和周年产量有显著的互作效应。总体上,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播较人工撒直播增加供试品种早晚季及周年的产量(泰优398早季除外),其中湘早籼45号早季、晚季和周年的产量差异显著,增幅分别为30.56%、12.59%和21.66%;而泰优398品种仅晚季增产显著,增幅达7.56%,周年产量增幅达3.23%。
表2 不同直播方式对南方双季优质籼稻产量的影响
注:表中数据为平均值±标准误差;同一列不同小写字母表示差异达到显著水平(<0.05);**和*分别表示处理在0.01、0.05水平上差异显著,ns表示差异不显著。下同。
Note: The data in the table are average values ± standard error. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference (<0.05); ** and * means significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively and ns means not significant. The same as below.
从产量构成因素来看(表3),季别、品种和处理对有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率有极显著影响,且品种对千粒质量也有显著影响,季别和品种与季别和处理对每穗粒数和结实率有极显著互作效应,而品种和处理与季别、品种和处理对有效穗数和每穗粒数有极显著互作效应。与人工撒直播相比,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著提高常规稻湘早籼45号早、晚2季的有效穗数、每穗粒数,且显著提高早季结实率;对于杂交稻泰优398来说,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著降低早季每穗粒数,但显著增加结实率,作晚季种植时,也显著提高有效穗数和每穗粒数。说明同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对直播籼稻早晚季产量构成因子的影响因品种与季节而异,但总体穗粒结构的协同增加促进水稻双季直播的产量。
表3 不同直播方式对南方双季优质籼稻产量构成因素的影响
2.4 稻米品质
不同直播方式对供试品种早晚季稻米品质影响存在一定差异(表4)。与人工撒直播相比,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著提高湘早籼45号早季的精米率和整精米率,增幅分别为7.3%和17.5%,而显著降低泰优398的整精米率,降幅达7.6%,但晚季处理间差异不明显。对于外观品质,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著增加湘早籼45号早季垩白度,增幅为50.7%,但显著降低晚季的垩白粒率和垩白度,降幅分别达24.3%和32.0%;而杂交籼稻泰优3982季种植的垩白粒率和垩白度均有增加趋势,其中晚季垩白粒率增加显著,达32.0%。湘早籼45号处理间稻米蛋白质含量差异要高于泰优398,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著降低湘早籼45号晚季稻米的蛋白质含量,而泰优398品种早晚季处理间差异不明显。不同直播方式对2个品种早晚季稻米的直链淀粉含量无显著影响。此外,2个品种稻米品质指标的季别差异较大,总体上晚季稻米加工品质与外观品质比早季改善明显。
此外,季别对稻米出糙率无显著影响,但品种对稻米品质所有指标均有显著或极显著影响,处理对精米率、垩白度和蛋白质含量有显著或极显著影响;同时,季别和品种对精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量与直链淀粉含量存在显著或极显著互作效应,季别和处理对垩白度和蛋白质含量有极显著互作效应,而品种和处理对精米率、蛋白质含量有显著或极显著互作效应,且季别、品种和处理对精米率、整精米率、垩白度、蛋白质有显著或极显著互作效应。
表4 不同直播方式对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蛋白质和直链淀粉含量的影响
2.5 米粉RVA谱特征值
由表5可知,不同直播方式仅对泰优398晚季米粉RVA谱绝大部分的特征值影响显著(消减值与糊化时间除外)。与人工撒直播相比,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著增加泰优398晚季米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,而显著降低糊化温度。此外,同一品种的米粉RVA谱特征值存在一定季别差异,晚季的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度要低于早季,但消减值则增加明显。
方差分析结果表明(表5),季别仅对糊化温度无显著影响,品种对崩解值、消减值和糊化时间无显著影响,而处理仅对糊化温度有极显著影响;此外,季别和品种对峰值黏度、崩解值、消减值和糊化温度有显著或极显著的互作效应,季别和处理对峰值黏度、热浆黏度与最终黏度有显著互作效应,品种和处理对峰值黏度和热浆黏度有显著的互作效应,且季别、品种和处理仅对糊化温度有显著的互作效应。
表5 不同直播方式对米粉RVA特征值的影响
3 讨 论
3.1 同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对早晚兼用型双季直播籼稻出苗的影响
直播种植方式省去育秧移栽环节,直接将催芽的种子播种到大田。播种后常因整田不平或降雨淹水导致烂种烂芽,影响出苗。前人研究表明,直播稻的出苗率不易控制,种子催芽时间[18]、直播深度[19]、水层深度[19]、品种耐淹和耐低氧能力等[20]因素均能影响直播稻的出苗率。此外,通过种子引发技术也可提高直播稻的出苗和全苗[21],全苗壮苗是直播稻实现高产稳产的重要基础。有研究发现不同直播方式下,机械穴直播出苗率低于人工撒播,这可能是与播后的暴雨天气有关[22]。但本研究结果与之相反,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著提高了早季直播稻品种的出苗率,湘早籼45号与泰优398作早季种植出苗率增幅分别为14.2%和7.4%。这主要是由于同步开沟起垄精量穴直播机开出的蓄水沟储存了稻田中多余的水分,避免了种子受淹。而垄上播种沟少淹水或不淹水,土壤氧化还原电位高,氧气充足,有利于种子快速萌发和秧苗生长[6]。同时,晚稻季直播后如果淹水,加之高温天气,容易导致烂种烧苗现象。在本试验中,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播晚稻的出苗率也显著高于人工撒直播晚稻,表明同步开沟起垄精量穴直播均有利于提高早晚兼用型同一品种双季直播的出苗率,从而有利于秧苗前期早生快发,为构建合理群体起点奠定基础。
3.2 同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对早晚兼用型双季直播籼稻产量形成的影响
已有研究表明,不同直播方式对水稻产量的影响程度不一[23-25]。机械穴直播早稻的产量高于人工插秧、机械条直播和人工撒播,因其具有较高的结实率和千粒质量[23]。在稻麦两熟制下,机械点播因低节位分蘖成穗率高于机械条播而增产[24]。而不同播种密度下精量穴直播早稻比人工撒播增产24%~28%,得益于有效穗数多、结实率高[25]。本研究也表明同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对早晚兼用型品种双季直播也有类似的增产效应,其中湘早籼45号的早季、晚季和周年产量比人工撒播分别增加30.56%、12.59%和21.66%;泰优398品种晚季和周年产量增幅分别达7.56%和3.23%。这是因为同步开沟起垄精量穴直播前期可提高出苗率,群体质量高,植株成行成穴有序生长,通风透光性好,中后期群体结构协调[25]。
从产量构成因子来看,其增产途径因品种和季节而异。湘早籼45号的早季增产主要得益于有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率的显著提高,而2个供试品种晚季增产主要与穗粒数结构协同显著增加有关。这可能与品种特性[26]和早晚季所处温光条件的差异有关,品种的温光反应特性不同导致其生育期特性存在差异[27]。晚季品种泰优398作早季种植时,因具有一定的感光特性,其产量潜力不能得到有效发挥。因此,应针对品种特性和种植季节来合理确定双季直播稻的配套栽培技术途径。早季稻前期因温度低,生长缓慢,灌浆结实期温度高雨水多,应以提高有效穗数和结实率为主攻目标。而晚季稻生长前期处于高温发苗,灌浆结实期温度较低,营养生长期大幅缩短,生殖生长期明显延长,则应注重兼顾扩库和提高籽粒灌浆结实。
3.3 同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对早晚兼用型双季籼稻稻米品质的影响
随着人民生活水平的提高,优质稻米的需求量日益增加,生产中稻米品质性状改善尤为重要。稻米品质主要受品种遗传基因、环境因素和栽培措施等的影响[28]。王在满等[28]研究认为,水稻机械穴直播种植方式配套适宜的栽培管理技术能获得较优的稻米品质性状。本研究结果与之较为相似,但品种间存在一定差异,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播可显著提升湘早籼45号早季的精米率和整精米率,但不利于泰优398早季的整精米率的改善;同时导致湘早籼45号早季的外观品质变劣,而泰优398晚季的垩白粒率显著提高,使得外观品质有变劣趋势。这可能与人工撒直播稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数少,易灌浆完全有关。此外,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著改善了湘早籼45号晚季的外观品质,但降低蛋白质含量,有利于提升稻米食味口感。由于同步开沟起垄精量穴直播稻田通风透光性好、群体质量高,晚季生长后期有利于光合产物持续向穗部供应。
前人研究发现,早稻品种经翻秋种植后,稻米品质得到显著改善[29-30];本研究也发现早稻品种翻秋异季种植后,加工品质中整精米率大幅提高,且垩白率和垩白度降低,外观品质明显优于正季种植。因为早季稻灌浆结实期正值高温时节,昼夜温差小,呼吸消耗大,不利于植株物质积累,且籽粒灌浆速率较快,导致充实度差。而翻秋种植时灌浆结实期温度适宜,昼夜温差大,有利于光合物质的积累和转运,为穗部的发育提供了充足的营养物质,从而改善其稻米品质[29]。此外,优质早熟晚稻品种作早稻种植时,稻米品质略有下降,但整体稻米品质要优于普通早稻品种,连种晚稻时品质也优良。因此,选用优质早熟的晚稻品种采用早晚兼用种植模式,可实现早、晚季稻米品质皆优质的目标[31]。
稻米淀粉RVA谱是评价稻米蒸煮与食味品质的重要参考指标,食味较优的水稻品种一般具有较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和较低的消减值[32]。在本研究中,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著增加泰优398晚季米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,而显著降低糊化温度。说明同步开沟起垄精量穴直播有利于改善早晚兼用型晚季籼稻的蒸煮与食味品质。这可能与机械直播条件下水稻田间生长环境优良,群体质量高、穗部发育良好有关,且泰优398晚季为正季种植,能充分发挥产量潜力与品质形成,而湘早籼45号作晚稻异季播种时,其生育期大幅减少,特别是营养生长期,导致植株物质积累不足,处理效应减弱。前人研究表明,早籼稻品种“翻秋”种植后其蒸煮食味品质明显变好,与淀粉RVA谱特征值的变化密切相关[33]。本研究也得出了类似结果,同一品种早晚季淀粉RVA谱特征值差异较大,特别是晚季的消减值较早季大幅增加。因此,采用早晚兼用的品种搭配模式和同步开沟起垄精量穴直播方式,有利于实现双季直播稻稻米品质的整体改善。这与霍中洋等[34]和郑向华等[35]的研究结果相似。同时,方差分析显示双季直播稻的品质性状易受到季别、品种和直播方式互作效应的影响,启示双季直播稻稻米品质的调优需注意各因子的协同作用。此外,值得一提的是,本研究采用早晚兼用的品种搭配模式,可减少稻田“落粒谷”产生的杂株,有利于改善下季水稻植株的整齐度与稻谷原粮的纯度,特别是提高早稻稻米品质,可实现优质米早上市,有利于双季稻生产的提质增效。
4 结 论
同步开沟起垄精量穴直播显著提高南方双季直播优质籼稻品种的出苗率,早晚季增幅分别为7.4%~14.2%和6.9%~8.0%;同时,增加双季直播优质籼稻品种周年的产量,其中常规稻品种湘早籼45号早季、晚季和周年增产显著,增幅分别达30.56%、12.59%和21.66%,而杂交晚籼稻泰优398晚季增产显著达7.56%,周年产量有增加趋势,主要得益于有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率的提高。此外,同步开沟起垄精量穴直播有利于提高湘早籼45号早季稻米的加工品质和晚季稻米的外观品质,改善泰优398晚季的蒸煮食味品质,特别是稻米糊化黏度。综上所述,采用早晚兼用的品种搭配方式和同步开沟起垄精量穴直播技术,有利于双季优质直播稻增产和稻米品质保优。
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Effects of simultaneous furrow ridging and precision hill-direct-seeding on grain yield and quality of double-croppingrice in South China
Chen Liming, Wang Wenxia, Xiong Ruoyu, Xie Jiaxin, Wu Ziming, Tan Xueming, Zeng Yongjun, Chen Xiongfei, Shi Qinghua, Pan Xiaohua, Zeng Yanhua※
(///330045)
This study aims to investigate the effects of different direct seeding methods on the yield and rice quality of early-late season double-croppingrice in south China. Taking the Xiangzaoxian45 (inbredrice) and Taiyou398 (hybridrice) as the research materials in both early and late seasons, two direct seeding methods were set, including artificial seeding (AS), and precision rice hill-drop drilling machine (PHDD), to determine the yield and its components, emergence rate of seedlings, and quality of rice grain for the direct-seededrice in a typical double cropping area for the early-late season. The results showed that the PHDD significantly increased the emergence rate of seedlings and grain yield of tested varieties, with the increasing rates of 7.4%-14.2% and 6.9%-8.0% in early season and late season, respectively, compared with AS. The PHDD was beneficial to increase the annual yield of tested varieties, with the range of 3.23%-21.66%. Specifically, the Xiangzaoxian45 increased significantly grain yield in the early and late season, while the Taiyou398 increased significantly in the late season. In terms of yield components, the increase in grain yield of tested varieties under the PHDD was mainly due to the relatively obvious achievement of effective panicles and grain number per panicle. Besides, the PHDD significantly increased the milled rice rate, head rice rate, and chalkiness degree in the early season of Xiangzaoxian45, while the chalkiness ratio in the late season of Taiyou398, but significantly decreased the head rice rate in the early season of Taiyou398, while the chalkiness degree, chalkiness ratio, and the protein content in the late season of Xiangzaoxian45. However, there was no significant difference in the amylose content of tested varieties. Meanwhile, the PHDD significantly increased the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, breakdown value, and final viscosity of Taiyou398 in late-season rice flour, whereas, significantly reduced the gelatinization temperature. The PHDD can contribute to improve the annual yield of high-quality rice varieties, which was mainly related to the coordination of panicles ratio and grain number per panicles. Nevertheless, the ways to increase production varied with the tested varieties and growing seasons. Specifically, the PHDD significantly improved the early season processing quality and late-season appearance quality of Xiangzaoxian45, while decreased the early season processing quality and late-season appearance quality of Taiyou398, but improved its cooking and eating quality in the late season. The quality of direct seeding rice in the late season was enhanced obviously under the PHDD regime. The finding can provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high-quality cultivation of double-season direct-seedingrice in South China.
rice; mechanization; cultivation; direct seeding method; yield; rice quality
陈丽明,王文霞,熊若愚,等. 同步开沟起垄精量穴直播对南方双季籼稻产量和稻米品质的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2021,37(1):28-35.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.004 http://www.tcsae.org
Chen Liming, Wang Wenxia, Xiong Ruoyu, et al. Effects of simultaneous furrow ridging and precision hill-direct-seeding on grain yield and quality of double-croppingrice in South China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(1): 28-35. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.004 http://www.tcsae.org
2020-11-18
2020-12-26
国家自然科学基金(31760366);国家重点研发计划(2017YFND0301605);江西省自然科学基金(20161BAB214171);江西省重点研发计划项目(20171ACF60018);江西省水稻产业技术体系项目(JXARS-02-03)
陈丽明,博士生,主要从事水稻高产栽培生理研究。Email:13657987055@163.com
曾研华,博士,副教授,主要从事水稻高产栽培与土壤肥力研究。Email:zyh74049501@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.004
S233.71
A
1002-6819(2021)-01-0028-08