英文摘要

Journal of Social Work

A bimonthly

No.6 Dec•2021

（1）Problem-solving Oriented Thinking:An Examination of the Path to High-quality Social Work Development in China TONG Min ZHOU Xiaotong•01•

2021 is the opening year of the China's“14th Five-Year Plan”for the social and economic development,and it is also the new stage that officially ushers in the in-depth professional development of social work in China after the ten-years rapid development of the Chinese social work under the strong support of the local government.The high-quality development is becoming the main theme of this new period,especially for the Chinese social work which have to be continuing reform effort in its way of professionalization.Therefore,the Chinese social work urgently needs to return to the core theme to answer the essential demands of social work in service delivery,such as how to clarify the problem that the client is facing and how to help the client to solve it in order to increase the uniqueness and efficiency of the profession of social work in real services,and exploring a sustainable professional development path with improving the social work quality as the main target in the local services.Through an in-depth analysis of the essential demands of social work in the local community,which is aimed to help the people living in the Chinese local community,it is found that the problem-oriented thinking with the problem clarifying and the problem solving as the core connotation is the essential characteristic of the social work.It is only based on this problem-oriented thinking to provide services for the people in the need of help,the social work would be regarded as the profession which is quite different from the other way of thinking such as those used usually in administration and in daily life.The problem-oriented thinking is intended to solve the problem depended on the judgment from the scientific evaluation,not on the personal demand.Actually the problem-oriented thinking has two different approaches.One is the problem-oriented patching with the problem-clarifying as the first main focus and the problem-solving as the next,which is based on the positivist,a traditional way of scientific thinking;The other is the solution-oriented solving with the problemsolving as the first main effort and the problem-clarifying as the second,which is based on the social constructionist,a postmodern way of thinking.Since the main professional development space of social work in China is largely in the local community life,where the Chinese social work originally is developed and has strong support from the local civic services,along with the chance of the local govern innovation promoted by the Chinese government to urge the local people to take over the historical social responsibility of innovating grassroots governance and safeguarding the basic livelihoods for people living in the local community supported under the services system with co-operation of the local government,social services organizations and social work,which is called the"Three co-operation systems"in local community,the Chinese social work needs to choose this problem-solving oriented thinking as the main social work method to promote the environmental change in community life as well as to increase the agency of people living in the community in order to empower the people to master their life environment in the local community.It is quite different from the professional development way which the Western social work adopts in their earlier days when Western social work developed in the first half of the twenty century.Because the Western social work professionalization is based on the services provided in the man-made offices,which is learned from the practices in the medical services and the people in need have to seek help actively as well as offer their demand for servers in the man-made offices，the Western social work needs not to discuss the daily life arrangement with the people in need of help,and has to focus on the topic that the people in need of help demand.So the Western social work needs not to clarify and solve the problem in their daily life.In China the social work has to actively seek the people in the need of help indeed,and also has to provide services in their daily life in community.Therefore the focus of discussion between social work and the people in need of help has to be on the events in daily life in the concrete life context as well as the other people around.So the main aim of the Chinese social work is to service the helped people to make them come out to engage in the community services and further to help others to form the mutual help in the community and promote the development of the community with the support of the local government,by which the helped people not only may solve their own problems they face in daily life,but also may become the helpers to take over the responsibility to promote the community development and increase the ownership of the community.Thus it is the real developmental space for the social work in China to promote the professional development path with the high-quality demand,which is regarded as the necessary part of the Chinese local community innovation aimed to realizing the modernization of the Chinese local community government service system and ability to promote the people's mutual help and self-ruling in daily life of the local community.Only by doing so,the Chinese social work may be becoming in urgent need for the local government not only as the delivery of the services system but also as the reform innovation of the local govern.In contrary,if the Chinese social work chooses the Western problem-patching oriented thinking as the main method to promote the professionalization of social work in further development in the coming years of the China's“14th Five-Year Plan”,it will fall into the dilemma of administrative and formalized professional development,which will not benefit the people in real need of help and the the community in high demand for development.

（2）The Development Path,Principles and Methods of Social Work for Military Rest from the Comparative Perspective MA Fengzhi•11•

The social work of military rest is an innovation of military rest,which has both similarities and significant differences.This paper mainly adopts qualitative research method,based on comparative perspective,through in-depth interviews and focus groups to the pilot unit of military social work team construction,collecting relevant experience data,describing and analyzing the relationship,similarities and differences between military social work and military social work,and presents the path mode,experience,principles and local methods of military social work team construction and military social work in the pilot unit.

In the specific research process,by reflecting on the system design of the military social work talent team construction and the main contents of the military social work carried out at this stage,this paper focuses on some basic thematic factors that affect the pilot work of the military social work talent team construction and the effectiveness of the military social work,so as to reveal the relationship between the military social work and the military social work.Because of the natural connection between social work and military rest work,the concept and method of social work can meet the social-psychological needs of military rest cadres and strengthen the effect of military rest work when applied to military rest work.This paper attempts to sum up the"follow-up effect"of the pilot work of the military social work team construction,that is,to further describe the function and role of the military social work by comparing the similarities and differences between the military social work and the traditional military social work,to develop the path and mode of the military social work,the principles to be followed in developing the military social work,and the methods of the military social work with local characteristics formed by the pilot units on the basis of the military social work.

This paper holds that the construction of social work talents and the introduction of social work have injected new ideas into the military rest work and brought about new development of the military rest work.In the practice of social work for military rest,we have begun to accumulate working ideas and methods with the characteristics of military rest,and have achieved good results.The development of social work for military rest has promoted the professional sense of accomplishment of military rest institutions and staff,from the simple concept of"management"to the concept of"service",and"service first,management in service"has become the consensus of pilot units.The construction of social work talent team and the development of social work played down the administrative color of military rest institutions,enhanced the service function of institutions,and the problems that had long plagued military rest institutions began to be solved.We have preliminarily explored and accumulated the construction of social work talents for military rest,as well as the modes,methods and experiences of social work for military rest,which laid the foundation for the next step of social work talents for military rest and deepening social work for military rest.

It is found that the social work on military has a good development prospect,which is determined by the unique role of social work on military in meeting the needs of military cadres.However,at present,there are still some difficulties in the construction of social work personnel and the development of social work for military rest,which are as follows:(1)There are no social jobs.(2)The salary of professional social workers is too low,resulting in the loss of full-time social workers.(3)Insufficient professional training.All these phenomena have restricted the construction of social work talents and the development of social work for military rest.

Based on the research findings and the above problems,the following suggestions are put forward:(1)Strengthen the professional skills training of social work after military rest.Social work training for military rest is included in the vocational skills training plan of military rest institutions,providing systematic training for the staff of military rest institutions continuously and institutionally.(2)Establish an incentive mechanism,including material and spiritual incentives,to encourage institutions and staff to provide social work services for military retirements.(3)Strengthen and carry out research on social work after military rest.It is necessary to accumulate information,refine ideas to gradually form the theories and methods of local social work for military rest with Chinese characteristics,and build the brand of social work for military rest for promotion.

（3）The Calling of Serving the Society：Yan Xinzhe and His Social Work ZHENG Peng•21•

Yan Xinzhe(1898-1984)was the first generation of sociologists and social work scientists in China.He was born in the countryside of Xiangtan County,and studied in the civilized Changsha when he was young.He was deeply influenced by the Huxiang culture that helped the people through the world.He received a master's degree from the University of Southern California,where he studied under Bogda.In 1928,at the invitation of Xu Shilian,he returned to China and taught at Yenching University,and later taught at Central University,Central Political University,Sun Yat-sen University and Fudan University successively.During his stay in Chongqing,he served as a member of the Social Administrative Planning Committee and the Population Research Committee of the Ministry of Social Affairs,and the dean of the Chongqing Experimental Relief Institute.With the adjustment of colleges and universities in 1952,the Department of Sociology was cancelled,and Yan Xinzhe transferred from Fudan University to the Department of Education of East China Normal University to undertake translation work.After the"Double Hundred"policy was put forward,in order to echo Fei Xiaotong's"A Few Words About Sociology",Yan Xinzhe published"A Few Words for Sociology"in the"Wen-Hui News".Soon,Yan Xinzhe was classified as a rightist to be demoted and his salary was reduced,after which he interrupted his sociological research.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee,Yan Xinzhe actively promoted the reconstruction of sociology in his later years.He served as a consultant for the newly established Chinese Society of Sociology and the Shanghai Society of Sociology,and was hired as a special researcher by the Institute of Sociology of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.In his later years,Yan Xinzhe paid close attention to"make up lessons",but unfortunately he failed to get his second academic life.On February 11,1984,Yan Xinzhe died in Shanghai.Through Yan Xinzhe's life and academic career,we can see the process of his transition from business to applied sociology,and then focusing on social work,as well as the interaction between the culture and the times.Seeing his contribution to the country by sociology research and social work in an era when China and the West are intertwined and the society is undergoing rapid changes,and seeing him put into action through research,and even turn from a producer of knowledge to an active activist.As a balance between order and progress,he regards social work as a scientific method that can remedy social morbidity in a moderate and improved way under the established political system.He built a chinese social work system that takes social service as the body,scientific research and personnel training as vehicles.Based on this,Yan Xinzhe set out to create a social work education program on the one hand,in order to create a huge team of social work,so that social work will have a"great effect"for the construction of national construction.On the other hand,he proposed the three dimensions of the construction of local social work:In terms of ontologically,integrating the perspective of the overall function of society with the context of modern nation-state construction,and proposing the introduction of national forces to intervene in social work in the local community to remedy social morbidity.In terms of methodology,reconciling the empirical paradigm and action orientation of social problem research,and ensuring the scientific solution of social problems with scientific social work research;in terms of practice,optimiziing social work education and explore local elements of social work.through the practice of social work research and the branch of social work.

（4）When the Expert Meets the Street Bureaucrat:An Analysis of the Practice of Evaluating Community Governance Projects from a Constructive Perspective GU Jiangxia•36•

With the strengthening of the accountability of the government management system,the third-party evaluation is gradually rising.Government departments usually invite people in colleges or universities or industries as experts,hoping to make judgments with the help of the"professional knowledge"of experts,and to explain to the public when necessary,so as to respond to the requirements of social accountability.When experts enter the community to conduct assessments,they meet Street bureaucrats.In fact,both sides have their own life world,such as their own language system and thinking logic.Most of these third-party evaluation"experts"follow the scientific and objective scientific rational logic.Street bureaucrats follow the practical logic of administrative operation composed of daily life experience under the authoritative governance system.In the process of collision,both sides continue to construct social work practice.Using the participatory observation method,this paper studies the community governance evaluation project from the perspective of constructivism,associating the interlocutors with their social structure,and analyzes the understanding of the evaluation related parties on the evaluation task and significance.

Then,the paper analyzes the evaluation practice of community governance projects from the selection and mixing of language systems,the digestion and construction of evaluation significance,and the design and practice of evaluation system.First,different interlocutors mix official language,daily life language,and professional terminology,etc.These languages reflect the social position,thinking language,life habits,identity construction strategies and so on.In order to promote mutual communication and understanding,interlocutors need to use language conversion strategies to achieve the purpose of conversation.Secondly,various actors are subject to different relationship constraints in formal and informal occasions,and their behaviors,attitudes and consciousness may not be consistent at the evaluation site and the evaluation background.In a limited time,experienced judges often make comprehensive judgments not only by relying on paper materials,but also by combining materials,conversations and feelings,which requires judges to open themselves in uncertain situations and constantly explore the possibility of building social reality with the evaluated.Thirdly,the policy design related to evaluation is to maintain a certain degree of social openness on the basis of political closed operation,so as to ensure that new situations in policy practice can be absorbed into the administrative operation system,that is,the overall situation of evaluation is still under the control of the government.If an accident happens to solve a certain kind of community problems,this accident provides a practical possibility for the follow-up policy reform.

In the last part,the paper discusses the policy effectiveness involved in the evaluation,the attention of the chief administrative officials,the risk-taking ability of grass-roots cadres,the influence of evaluation experts,and the impact of the community governance situation on the evaluation effectiveness.First of all,the directional or conceptual indicators in the evaluation standards can not be operationalized and standardized,allowing Street bureaucrats to have a certain discretion,which brings the problem of fuzzy governance.Secondly,the internal political pressure and administrative accountability pressure of the bureaucratic system are also transmitted level by level through the administrative level.Community workers develop coping strategies according to the political situation and expected consequences,that is,the interactive relationship between superiors and subordinates is the result of the parties'conscious participation in the construction.Thirdly,whether community grass-roots cadres consider avoiding risks or taking risks in policy practice innovation mainly depends on their grasp of the policy spirit,the prediction of policy consequences and their ability to bear risks.If the policy executor is indifferent to the evaluation,the evaluation itself will be eliminated.If the evaluator and the evaluated change from the"pressure-defense"relationship model to the"challenge-acceptance"relationship model,that is,from the relatively closed relationship emphasizing expert authority to the reflective contract relationship of mutual openness and joint exploration,the third-party evaluation provides greater possibilities for policy practice innovation.

（5）Western Experience and Local Practice:Subject Action Logic in the Process of Social Work Specialization in China CAI Xiaohua•45•

China resumed social work education in 1980s,especially in 2006,when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the idea of"building a large-scale professional team of social work",the social work education and practice in Chinadeveloped rapidly.Social work specialization is the core and eternal theme of social work.Different from the bottom-up specialization path starting from practice in western countries,the specialization of social work in China is promoted from top to bottom under the background of government guidance and education first.social work specialization is the result of the joint action of the government,university teachers,social work institutions and social workers.From the perspective of professional sociology,in the process of specialization,each subject promotes the development of specialization through its own actions and according to the specialization index system.The final result of specialization is the practice of specialization.In the early stage of social work specialization,all actors took the western system as a model and tried to promote the development of social work specialization through system construction,education and training,talent training and professional behavior according to the imported professional indicators.At the level of government,the development of social work specialization is affirmed and supported bypolicy making,which has also become the vane of social work specialization development.Because of the government's vigorous promotion and the introduction of related policies,it provides a certain legal basis for social work;At the same time,the government is also the purchaser of social work services,which provides support for the development of social work by purchasing social work instead of directly incorporating it into existing administrative work.Teachers in colleges and universities are an important medium and driving force to introducewestern professional knowledge and practice of social work.The development of social work major is also closely related to the discipline construction and personneltraining of social work major in colleges and universities.In addition,since 2008,a social worker qualification examination has been set up,which provides traditional social workers with the opportunity to gain legitimacy.The establishment of China Society of Social Work and China Society of Social Work Education has established the professional norms and professional ethics,which are not only an important guarantee ofsocial work specialization,but also the commonvalue and moral bottom line of social work specialization development.The professional skills of social workers in concretepractice are an important embodiment of social work specialization.However,in practice,each subject's actions reflect different action logic.As managers and buyers,the government needs to balance the interaction and game between the two roles,which will inevitably alienate the government's actions in promoting the specialization of social work to a certain extent.In the process of promoting the specialization of social work,the pragmatism tendency of university teachers as practitioners is also separated from the professional knowledge framework of western social work,the specialization of social work and the orientation of emphasizing technical treatment.This leads to a certain degree of separation between the concept and reality of social work specialization in China;Professional social workers are faced with the dilemma of sticking to professional ideas and embedding into the existing structures.Whether it is government,universities or professional social workers,in the process of promoting specialization,each subject needs to make different trade-offs and considerations in practice due to the different identities as managers,educators,buyers and practitioners.Of course,this will be influenced by structural factors,but it is also the result of related subjects'behaviors.The behaviors and interactions of related subjects in the process of social work specialization have shapedthe current features of social work specialization in China:the degree of social work specialization in China is not high,and even the specialty is weakened in the practice of specialization.The subject's construction of social work specialization not only provides a perspective for us to examine the present situation of social work specialization,but also provides a possibility of action for the future trend of social work specialization in China.By constructing a specialization index system based on"medium",the main body of social work specialization must take the local conditions as the action soil to promote specialization,and take root in the grass-roots practice to carry out professional practice;Practice-oriented,promoting the integration of discipline and professional actions.In the process of social work specialization,theintroduction of theory,discipline construction and personnel training ultimately need to test theireffectiveness in the specialized practice of specific fields,find out the shortcomings through practice,and promote the social work specialization reversely,so as to revise and adjust the top-downspecialized construction achievements and realizethe coupling of the two paths;People-oriented promotion of specialization,people are the starting point and end point of the process of social work specialization.

（6）Study on Risk Prevention Mechanism of Accidental Injury of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas——Take K Province as An Example ZHANG Fuqing LUO Tiejun JIANG Guohe LI Hui YAO Junyan•55•

The physical and mental health development of left-behind children face multi-dimensional risks because of the migration of main guardians,such as parents.The risk of accidental injury is one of the major risks that seriously threaten the personal safety of left-behind children.The key points and breakthrough points to ensure the quality of life and development of rural left-behind children are how to strengthen the safety protection of the physical and mental health of rural left-behind children,and how to establish an effective mechanism for risk prevention and control.

The existing research is mainly systematic in the analysis of the current situation and causes of the safety risks of leftbehind children,focusing on the influencing factors such as family,school and social environment.However,there are still some deficiencies in the research on how to construct the risk prevention mechanism from the perspective of the social services of rural left-behind children,and relevant theoretical research and practical exploration need to be further deepened.

Starting from the types and characteristics of accidental injury,this paper deeply discusses how to construct the accidental injury risk prevention mechanism of rural left-behind children through improving social services by analyzing the current situation and causes of accidental injury risk prevention of rural left-behind children in Jiangxi Province.In order to provide some reference value for the construction of accidental injury risk prevention mechanism for rural left-behind children in China,this research puts forward to establish and improve the"one system,three guarantees and five-level model"of rural left-behind children.

This paper selects 9 typical counties,cities and districts in Jiangxi Province,which are Poyang County,Leping City and Yugan County near the lake(river),Yudu County,Guangfeng district and Fengcheng City with high urbanization rate,Xingguo County,Suichuan County and Fenyi County in Hilly and mountainous areas,to analyze the accidental injuries suffered by rural left-behind children under the age of 16 in recent three years.According to the survey data,the main accidental injuries suffered by rural left-behind children are as follows:1.Drowning,which mainly occurs in areas close to lakes and rivers.The high incidence period of drowning is summer and the main reason for left-behind children's drowning is walking near the water source or playing with their peers.2.Traffic accidents.Backward rural traffic infrastructure and traffic planning,lack of traffic safety knowledge and non-standard rural traffic management have led to the increase of the incidence of traffic accidents.3.Falling injury,which mainly occurs in children aged 5-9 who have just left their guardian's care at any time that they are easy to cause sliding and falling during play due to the lack of prevention awareness.4.Burns and scalds.The former account for 90%,mainly caused by boiled water,hot oil and steam.5.Accidental poisoning.Pesticide,rat poison,iatrogenic and plant alkaline poisoning are the main sources of acute poisoning of left-behind children in rural areas.

Starting from the types and characteristics of accidental injury and combined with literature analysis,this paper believes that the main influencing factors of accidental injury risk of rural left-behind children are as follows:1.Warning measures.There is a lack of fence protection for wells and ponds and warning signs in large water source areas;2.Safety education;3.Emergency measures;4.Community supervision.There is a lack of relevant preventive and protective measures and poor rural infrastructure;5.School education.The school neglects the safety education and publicity for students;6.Family supervision.There is an absence of parents and other main guardians and a difficulty of inter generational guardianship.7.National protection.Due to human and material resources and other factors,the relevant education policies and systems for left behind children have not been implemented;8.Children's own cognition.Children lack awareness of safety precautions and danger screening,and are full of curiosity about the world.

Based on the comprehensive analysis of the types,characteristics and influencing factors of accidental injury risk of rural left-behind children,this paper analyzes the current system construction,work team construction,infrastructure construction,working mechanism operation,social force participation,financial investment and security of accidental injury risk prevention of rural left-behind children in Jiangxi Province.The main problems in the prevention of accidental injury risk of rural left-behind children are as follows:1.Lack of accidental injury risk assessment and intervention system;2.Lack of family custody.The main responsibility of family guardianship is not implemented in place;3.The joint force of government departments has not been effectively formed.There is a situation of scattered work functions,unclear responsibilities and poor cooperation;4.The grass-roots work force is weak.There is a lack of special staff and weak professional ability of relevant part-time personnel;5.Insufficient participation of social forces.The social services for child care and protection are insufficient,unprofessional and unable to meet the actual needs;6.Insufficient guarantee of work funds.There is a lack of special funds and work funds.

In view of the problem of accidental injury risk prevention of rural left-behind children,this topic deeply discusses how to build the accidental injury risk prevention mechanism of rural left-behind children by improving social services.The accidental risk prevention of rural left-behind children is a complex social system project,which involves multiple subjects such as family,government,school and society,and the balance among family responsibilities,social responsibility and state responsibility.This topic proposes to promote the establishment and improvement of the accidental injury risk prevention mechanism of"one system,three guarantees and five-level model"for rural left-behind children,which contains scientifically evaluation of the accident risk of left-behind children through big data analysis and establishment of evaluation indicators from the perspective of technical tools.Three policy guarantees are formed by improving the law on the protection of left-behind children,increasing financial support and promoting the construction of talent team.In terms of implementation channels,it is necessary to establish a five-level linkage intervention model of family due diligence,school education management,community care and protection,social force participation and joint efforts of government departments.Establishing a timely and effective risk prevention mechanism for accidental injury of rural left-behind children will help to better integrate resources,reduce the incidence of accidental injury of rural left-behind children,and provide strong support and guarantee for the growth and development of left-behind children.

（7）Organizational Association and Value Proposition:An Analysis of the Scale-up of Supportive Social Organizations DONG Huina•69•

Currently,social organizations are in a low-level development dilemma in terms of both quality and scale.Specifically,social organizations increasingly show the development characteristics of compressing the expression of public interests and high dependence on government logic.On the other hand,most of the local social organizations are small-scale.They cannot integrate resources and promote excellent projects,and cannot solve social problems effectively.Therefore,the scaling development of social organizations emerges.Scaling up is an emerging concept in the public sector,and a large number of social organizations are working to promote their public welfare products/projects to solve social problems on a large scale.Social organizations which attempt to achieve scale generally adopted the model of organizational association mediated by a hub organization as the path to scale up.Previous studies have mainly discussed the phenomenon of organizational association in terms of the relationship between social organizations and the government and the relationship between social organizations.On the one hand,researchers focus on the direct interaction between social organizations and local governments,arguing that social organizations are highly dependent on the government in terms of resources and legitimacy,who are actively exploring independent development at the same time.However,the research under this perspective has ignored the indirect interaction between social organizations and the government.On the other hand,studies on the interactions between social organizations have mainly focused on the characteristics of the relationship between organizations at the same level,without noticing the phenomenon of organizational association mediated by a hub organization under the background of scaling up of social organizations.Therefore,this paper points out that the association among multi-level social organizations consists of two new features:indirect interaction with local governments and association among multi-level organizations.Based on this finding,this paper takes the"NW Sex Education Support Platform",a supportive social organization,as an example to interpret the new mechanisms emerging in the process of organizational association.This study shows that due to related institutional environments,NW initially chose the model of organizational association mediated by a hub organization as the path to scale up.However,in the process of organization association,problems such as the differentiation of cooperation logic between the organization itself and local organizations and difficulty in controlling project implementation gradually emerged.NW has to adjust the organizational relationship to unify the implementation model and more actively mobilize the local organizations.As a result,NW gradually clarifies the importance of organizational value proposition.To be specific,as the leader of its scale-up project,NW could not ignore the fact that there are differences in the developmental logic between different organizations which cause the divergence of interests.NW needs to clarify its own scale-up goals and advantages at the knowledge and technology levels.Based on this,NW can realize the inter-organizational value complementarity through adjusting the model of organizational association,and then promote its development goal of scaling up.Nevertheless,the operation of scaling up of social organizations is not always smooth.Many problems are gradually surfacing.According to the case of NW,we can find that there exists three problems.Firstly,the trade-off between quality and scale is a difficult one.Secondly,the logic of marketization of public welfare may lead to the phenomenon of monopolistic allocation of public welfare resources.Supportive social organizations continue to absorb and gather a large number of local organizations and then increasingly monopolize resources and the right to speak on social issues.Meanwhile,the voice of local organizations is hardly heard.Third,social organizations which attempt to achieve scale are also bound to face the problem of lacking enough funding for their public welfare projects.This paper further reveals that the above problems are mainly caused by conflicting policy environments and the government governance logic.To solve the developmental dilemma,Chinese governments should pay attention to the mechanism of value proposition among social organizations,especially taking the willingness and ability of supportive social organizations to participate in solving social problems from a higher level into account.

（8）Social Change and Identity Reconstruction:The Life Course of a Rural Woman LIU Yuemei WANG Zhaoxin ZHANG Huanhuan•84•

With the advancement of modernization process,many changes have taken place in the cultural concept,gender structure,labor pattern and political space in rural society.Because of the multiple influences of rural transformation and social change,the identity characteristics of women have changed greatly.They leave their families and enter the social space,playing an increasingly important role in agricultural production and rural public participation.Rural women's development is an important part of social reform and construction.Meanwhile,they are independent individuals.In the process of transformation,they adapt to and actively construct their own identity,and at the same time,they also influence the social environment of the countryside.

The role and mission of women in family affairs and rural social governance is an important issues related to the development of the whole grass-roots society,and it is also an important research topic worth exploring.However,few studies have paid attention to the relationship between rural women's identity construction and local social governance in the process of social change.Focusing on the theme of rural women's identity and practice in the process of social change,this studyanalyzes how social change affects rural women's social identity,and how rural women understand,construct and practice their own social identity under the contextof social change.

This study analyzes the identity construction and practice of rural women in the process of social change from the perspective of life course theory.We explored the life course of a typical rural woman by using the method of case study.Based on the era context of social change,through the narration of Xiuying's life course,this paper shows a dynamic process of identity construction of rural women among family,society and self.

This research mainly answers the following questions:First,how does Xiuying build her own role identity among family,society and subject herself?Secondly,as a peasant woman,how does she identify with the peasant woman's identity,and how does she integrate this identity into her daily practice?

Looking back on Xiulan's life,we mainly found the following points:(1)The identity construction of the research object has gone through many nesting processes.She plays the role of a woman who is responsible forthe family,as well as a learner,promoter and socialspace leader.These roles are intertwined,which together constitute the social identity of Xiulan.(2)The support provided by the middle-level social network and key social subjects is also the key factor of her identity reconstruction.The core factors is the support from the family and the power from the society.Institutions,The appreciation of the party secretary of the government and the village.Besides,mutual assistance comes from women's groups are also a basic element.(3)the macro social environment provides her with opportunities.The specific historical conditions and her specific life stage interact with each other.The core support provided by the macro environment is the learning resources,the recognition of the times and the space for social participation.However,the macro-social environment has also set some obstacles for her,such as the limi tations oftraditional gender norms and the constraints ofmaternal pressure.(4)In the process of her identity construction,the personal initiative plays a more decisive role.She shows the spirit of hardworking peas⁃ant women.In addition,as an intellectual in the early stage of college entrance examination reform,she has the concepts of"knowledge changes fate"and"lifelong learning".These personal characteristics enable her to constantly reflect on her roles and responsibilities,break through the shackles of the social environment,and feedback her personal initiative to the social field,which reflects the mutual construction between individuals and society.

By summarizing the research conclusions,we find thatthe following points are worthy of attention:althoughthe growth and development of rural women will be bound by traditional ethical norms,the ideologicalguidance at the national level and the awakening of women groups in the social era will promote women's subjective initiative,improve the socialization degree of ru⁃ral women and broaden the boundary of their action space.At the same time,local governments should actively create space and platform for women to participate in rural community autonomy,and change the prejudice against women's gender role in rural social concept.In addition,this study can provide more references for social workers to help rural women with identity re⁃construction and social adaptation,and enhance the subjectivity of this vulnerable group's in-depth participation in rural social governance.