悠悠草木深 灼灼历史情
2020-12-28潘江涛
潘江涛
一
2020年10月,长江文艺出版社出版了散文作品集《本草春秋》。
读郑骁锋的《本草春秋》,让我想起汉代刘向的名言:“书犹药也,善读之可以医愚。”
郑骁锋蜗居浙江永康,是个不愿归“家”的自由撰稿人。自2007年出版首部历史散文集《逆旅千秋》后,他接连推出《人间道》《眼底沧桑》《落日苍茫》等,还先后被《中国国家地理》杂志、央视“探索·发现”栏目聘为特约撰稿人。
《本草春秋》成书于2007年,是“一本用当归、远志、甘草、人参串连起来的历史散文集”,至今国内已出5版,版版皆有积极反响。原因何在?
本草,入体为药,入口为食。《说文解字》说:“药,治病草也”,“菜,草之可食者”。由“药”“菜”与生命之关系,我们可以发现生命本质与自然之链接。
春天,煮一锅艾叶鸡蛋,理气抗菌;夏天,取一支陈年六月雪泡茶,一来清热降暑,二来消除积食;冬天,在猪小排里加几段淮山药,利于补气。中医最讲究“气”。听来一个真实的故事,某人为一方首富,每年都要吃上几十万元人参、虫草,最后把好好一个身体搞垮了。可见,草药不能随便补,得讲究一个度,一旦越了,反而有害。
原以为《本草春秋》说的就是诸如此类“药食同源”之事。而且,艾叶——艾蒿,六月雪——刘寄奴,山药——薯蓣,人参——地精……都能在相关篇章中找到,只是同物异名而已。但细细读去,《本草春秋》里不仅有草木的清香、脉动的历史,更有山野草本与中华历史水乳交融的绾合。
二
散文的门槛不高,但要写好散文,特别是历史散文,除却广博的史学知识外,还得有一支生花妙笔,触类旁通,否则无异于味同嚼蜡的专业论文。
郑骁锋毕业于金华卫校,中药学“底板”并不太厚。但他喜欢在发黄的古纸堆里“发呆”,苦苦寻觅与本草相关的种种历史痕迹。有一天,他忽然发现,勾践复国与鱼腥草,三国姜维与当归家书,大宋提刑与皂角洗冤,将相和与温肭脐……一件件一桩桩,无不蕴涵历史天机、闪烁着青铜寒光。
“以药写史,以史鉴今。”郑骁锋不无感慨地说,“一段波诡云谲的历史,在医家眼中,往往不过是一张字迹潦草的药方,撰写者或是高明、或是蹩脚,或是认真、或是敷衍”。但在史家看来,《本草》在人类历史发展长河中,除了治病救人、强身健体之外,还是救荒粮、导火索、助燃剂、润滑油……
中药是中华民族的国粹之一。但多少人会有郑骁锋这样的阅读体会?难怪文学评论家会说,《本草春秋》是用“中药解读中国历史的第一本书”。
三
“草木无言,草木有灵,众药皆有情。”郑骁锋关注本草起源,但并非简单叙述神农尝百草的种种传说,而是通过动物自疗现象的描述,揭示了懵懂时代人草博弈的残酷——“别说一日遇七十毒,也许只一毒就得要了命”。他甚至断言,“神农应该不是一个人,而是一群人、一个组织、无数辈人——一代代人类派出的(更可能是自愿的)、以生命为代价探索绿色未知世界的开路先锋。”
《本草春秋》中的《救荒》篇,原本说的是勾践与鱼腥草的往事,但作者笔锋一转,勾连出朱橚的《救荒本草》,说:“这部著作,救人无数,后来还流传到日本,泽被异邦。”“一位王爷养尊处优,却研究出这么一门学问,如果不是对自家王朝没信心,便不能不说他实在太有远见了。”
不过,我觉得文章的精妙之处却在于作者对当下绍兴“霉”风味的理解:“绍兴人喜欢把新鲜菜蔬腌了、酱了、霉了吃,也是从勾践那时流传下来的,是源于一种节衣缩食长远打算的忧患意识。也许不知什么时候便得进行艰苦的斗争,食物腌渍了才能保存长久,至于到时手足无措。”末了,他还设问:“除此之外,还有更好的理由来说明吗?”
不知道绍兴读者咋想,反正我赞同郑骁锋的观点。因为绍兴人大多不爱吃鱼腥草,说起来还真有一种忘本之感。
散文是一种贴近生活的文体,叙述的内容与现实人生直接相关,必然使读者产生丰富的联想。譬如,《上党无人参》篇中说到,明朝崇祯皇帝上台后,皇亲国戚、达官贵人肆意掘取、搜刮“地精”——人参,以致古时的上党连年遭灾,民不聊生,哀鸿遍野——“随处可见声嘶力竭地呼喊着父母的幼童,哭累了抓起任何能抓到的东西就往嘴里塞,不管是泥土还是粪便。第二天,他已不再出声,早已没了声息。这时总有人蹒跚着走过来,舔着干裂的嘴角,眼中发着野兽的绿光。”
天大地大,肚子最大。读着这样的文字,不免让人想起毛泽东当年在《湘江评论》创刊宣言中的一句话:“世界什么问题最大?吃饭问题最大。”
四
写作的人是文字的魔术师。郑骁锋浸淫于唐诗宋词、明清小品,语言极具个性。无论是描摹山水还是叙述旧闻,都能手到擒来、游刃有余。譬如,在写到诗人的隐居生活时,他写道:“一身短打扮,斜斜挎着竹篓,腰插精致的小锄,于雨后初晴的清晨,在鸟鸣声中踩着被露水润得有些滑脚的野草走入深山……突然,某种特殊的草木香气钻入鼻孔,于是停下脚步,仔细打量着四周,很快,一株少见的药草进入了视线。他解下药篓,取出里面的葫芦——那里面是自酿的果酒——拔开木塞小小呷上一口,然后高高挽起袖子,蹲了下来。”
隐居生活是惬意的。但诗意描写仅仅是一种铺垫,作者真正想表达的是,家国不幸诗家幸。“纵然是同一位诗人,作品的質量一般也与他的官职成反比;他们的代表作大多创作于贬谪的途中。”所以,“任何朝代都有诗人不甘心离开政坛。或者应该说,真正的诗人永远不能忘却大济天下的责任。”
“文变染乎世情,兴废系乎时序。”作者这一“永远不能忘却”,审时度势,发乎“肺腑”,亦是当下强调文艺要“为人民抒写、为人民抒情、为人民抒怀”的最佳注脚。
五
季羡林将“情”作为评价散文的一个重要标准,认为“真情”是散文的精髓,散文本身要以一定的现实事件为基础,抒发真实的感情。
说到“本草”,明朝的朱橚和李时珍是两位绕不开的历史人物,一位拯救饥民,一位疗救病体,皆把一草一木的生长作为生命中的头等大事,用草木的活力来恢复人类的活力。他们对草木的热忱,源于对生命的尊重、对自然的热爱。
浮躁、功利、市侩,乃当下社会之通病——有太多人关注大事件大举措大声响,而少有人像朱橚、李时珍那样孜孜矻矻地探究事物的细枝末节或者日常生活的本来面目。
草木一秋,人生一世。每个人都有自己的活法,谁好谁孬,时间自会淘洗。让人感慨的是,一味小小的本草,因为鉴真大师(688~763年)先后6次东渡,居然成了中日两国汉文化圈的有效载体。
“传灯”是日本天皇授予鉴真大师的荣誉称号,寓意不仅予人光明,而且播撒人间希望。《本草春秋》《传灯》一章,说的就是鉴真大师在日本东大寺正仓院辨别药材真伪的故事,描写细腻生动。
“虽然很久以前就已经失去了光明,但他对自己多年练就的辨别能力毫不怀疑。鉴定中他还联想到了自己的法名——鉴真,这真可算是名副其实了。只要手指触摸到任何一种药材,哪怕只是一片树叶一粒种子,他也能清楚地在纯黑的幕布上勾勒出这棵植物的全貌,甚至还能看到根须在大地深处蜿蜒伸展。”
“每次看着鉴真佝偻着身子在炉前亲自为病人煎调药物,无论信不信佛,人们都会不自觉地双手合十深深弯腰,向这位年老的中国僧人礼敬。同时每个人的心中都会涌起一種清凉,所有的烦躁苦恼都似乎随着药罐中袅袅上升的蒸气,瞬间消散在空中。”
中日两国一衣带水,中药文化更是一脉相承。2019年11月《本草春秋》日文版(浙江出版集团东京株式会社)在日本翻译出版,不仅是作者郑骁锋之喜,也是日本读者之福。因为“与历史结缘的草木从时间的剿杀中成功突围,成为了历史的幸存者和阐释者。它们每一片叶子的叶脉,都通向历史深处,风过时它们发出的每一次喧响,都是历史的回声。如果斫为琴,死去的时间将开口说话。”
In October 2020, Yangtze Literature and Art Press launched the fifth edition of , a book of essays published in 2007 and wrote by Zheng Xiaofeng, a freelance writer born in 1975 and based in Yongkang in central Zhejiang. The essays remind me of what Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty (202BC-220AD) said about reading books: “Books are like medicine. Reading books intelligently can cure a reader of follies.”
explores history from the perspective of herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Zhengs perspective of herbs and obsession with history came from his studies in his student years at Jinhua Medical School, a secondary education institution in Jinhua, the central city in central Zhejiang. Though he isnt particularly versed in ancient literature on medicinal herbs, he studies history diligently. He noticed the role herbs played in history: a state stored food in preparedness for famines likely to happen in years to come, a detective used herbs to crack a murder case, cabinet members conciliated through a medicinal ingredient. Such stories were not rare in the history of ancient China.
“I write about history from the perspective of TCM in order to provide a window to peep into lessons from history,” explains the essayist.
Zheng isnt a writer just reputed for his unique perspective and focus. His language proficiency is outstanding as well. His self-education in ancient Chinese poetry, prose, and fiction adds a special touch to his interpretation of what happened in the past. He has been engaged as a special reporter by China National Geographic and Discovery Channel of CCTV.
In this book, Zheng examines history and offers his own understanding and narratives. Zhu Su (1361-1425) and Li Shizhen (1518-1593), two masters of herbs, are worth mentioning when it comes to a discussion of traditional Chinese medicine in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The fifth son of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang who founded the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Su was specialized in poetry and took a strong interest in herbs. He organized some TCM masters to write a book about herbs that could be used as food in famine times. The book was introduced to Japan. History says the methods described in the book saved many lives. In a sense, the prince was a fascinating phenomenon: he wrote the book probably because he might have lost faith in the empire his father founded; or he might have had a prescient understanding of nature and society. In addition to the book, he also helped write some other TCM books. Li Shizhen was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his epic book the or .
One chapter of is about Monk Jianzhen (688-763), a Chinese Vinaya master and founder of Japanese Vinaya. He became a monk at the age of 14. At the invitation of Japanese monks studying in China, Jianzhen decided in 742 to go to Japan to spread Vinaya. He tried six times to cross to Japan but failed because of heavy storms. The extreme conditions of his attempts rendered him blind by the time he succeeded in 753. Jianzhen was a master of many arts and crafts and many of his disciples were eminent architects and sculptors. The temples he helped construct in Japan are considered national treasures today. Jianzhen was also a master of TCM. The blind master personally prepared herbal medicine for his patients.
The Japanese edition of was published in November 2019 in Japan. “These herbs, interwoven with history and lucky enough to break away from the fetters of time, in a sense, are survivors and storytellers. Every leaf of these herbs is a way to the depth of history and every sound of these leaves ruffled by wind is an echo of history. If these herbs were musical instruments, the past will become alive and relate the stories,” comments Zheng Xiaofeng.